Editing Bog body (section)

===Archaeological techniques===
[[Image:Moora hell.jpg|thumb|upright|Reconstruction of the [[Girl of the Uchter Moor]]]]
Until the mid-20th century, it was not readily apparent at the time of discovery whether a body had been buried in a bog for years, decades, or centuries. However, modern forensic and medical technologies (such as [[radiocarbon dating]]) have been developed that allow researchers to more closely determine the age of the burial, the person's age at death, and other details. Scientists have been able to study the skin of the bog bodies, reconstruct their appearance and even determine what their last meal was from their stomach contents since peat marsh preserves soft internal tissue. Radiocarbon dating is also common as it accurately gives the date of the find, most usually from the Iron Age. For example, Tollund man of Denmark, whose remains were recovered in 1950, has undergone radiocarbon analyses that place his death date to around the 3rd or 4th century.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Nielsen |first1=Nina H. |last2=Philippsen |first2=Bente |last3=Kanstrup |first3=Marie |last4=Olsen |first4=Jesper |date=October 2018 |title=Diet and Radiocarbon Dating of Tollund Man: New Analyses of an Iron Age Bog Body from Denmark |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/abs/diet-and-radiocarbon-dating-of-tollund-man-new-analyses-of-an-iron-age-bog-body-from-denmark/1B0AFB4283BD499C72BFA29EE40A441C |url-status=live |journal=Radiocarbon |language=en |volume=60 |issue=5 |pages=1533–1545 |doi=10.1017/RDC.2018.127 |bibcode=2018Radcb..60.1533N |issn=0033-8222 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319100519/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/abs/diet-and-radiocarbon-dating-of-tollund-man-new-analyses-of-an-iron-age-bog-body-from-denmark/1B0AFB4283BD499C72BFA29EE40A441C |archive-date=19 March 2021 |access-date=5 December 2020 |s2cid=134396666}}</ref>

More modern analyses using stable isotope measurements have allowed scientists to study bone collagen collected from Tollund Man to determine his diet as being terrestrial-based.<ref name=":2" /> Their teeth also indicate their age at death and what type of food they ate throughout their lifetime.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dorey |first=Fran |date=11 February 2018 |title=How do we know what they ate? |url=https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/science/human-evolution/how-do-we-know-what-they-ate/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019172615/https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/science/human-evolution/how-do-we-know-what-they-ate/ |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=19 October 2019 |website=Australian Museum}}</ref> Dental caries, which are cavities within teeth, can direct archaeologist toward a person's diet prior to their death.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Mays |first=Simon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xUhZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |title=The Archaeology of Human Bones |date=2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-97178-5 |language=en}}</ref> Unlike erosion that the teeth may undergo due to decay, dental caries are typically sharp and well-defined cavities that have a larger diameter than erosion that occurs after death.<ref name=":3" /> Significant rates of dental caries point to diets that are rich in carbohydrates and can lead archaeologists to differentiate between plant-based diets and protein-based diets (animal protein is non-cariogenic).<ref name=":3" /> Dental enamel defects known as hypoplasias can also be seen in the analysis of teeth and can point towards malnutrition as well as diseases.<ref name=":3" /> [[Ground penetrating radar survey (archaeology)|Ground-penetrating radar]] can be used in archaeological investigation to map features beneath the ground to reconstruct 3D visualizations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Leucci |first1=Giovanni |last2=Negri |first2=Sergio |date=1 April 2006 |title=Use of ground penetrating radar to map subsurface archaeological features in an urban area |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440305001986 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |language=en |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=502–512 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2005.09.006 |bibcode=2006JArSc..33..502L |issn=0305-4403 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422002245/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440305001986 |archive-date=22 April 2022 |access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref>  For bog bodies, ground-penetrating radar can be used to detect bodies and artefacts beneath the bog surface before cutting into the peat.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chippindale |first=Christopher |date=27 June 1985 |title=Flag Fen: New Finds from the Bronze Age |journal=New Scientist |issue=1462 |pages=39–43}}</ref>

[[Forensic facial reconstruction]] is one technique used in studying the bog bodies. Originally designed for identifying modern faces in crime investigations, this technique is a way of working out the facial features of a person by the shape of their skull. The face of one bog body, [[Yde Girl]], was reconstructed in 1992 by forensic pathologist [[Richard Neave]] of [[Manchester University]] using CT scans of her head.<ref>{{Cite book |last=van Vilsteren |first=V.T. |title=The Mysterious Bog People |publisher=Waanders Publishers |year=2004 |location=Canadian Museum of Civilization, Glenbow Museum |pages=1–6}}</ref> Yde Girl and her modern reconstruction are displayed at the [[Drents Museum]] in [[Assen]]. Such reconstructions have also been made of the heads of [[Lindow Man]] (British Museum, London, United Kingdom), [[Grauballe Man]], [[Girl of the Uchter Moor]], [[Clonycavan Man]], [[Roter Franz]] and [[Windeby I]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Reconstructions |magazine=Archaeology Magazine |publisher=Archaeological Institute of America |year=1997 |url=https://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/bog/reconstructions.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Deem |first=James M. |title=Clonycavan Man |work=Mummytombs.com |year=2011 |url-status=dead |url=http://mummytombs.com/bog/clonycavan.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015192027/http://mummytombs.com/bog/clonycavan.htm |archive-date=15 October 2011 |access-date=27 September 2011}}</ref>