Editing Biological determinism (section)

=== Sociobiology ===

{{main|Sociobiology|Evolution of altruism}}

[[File:Plos wilson.jpg|thumb|[[E. O. Wilson]] reignited debate on biological determinism with his 1975 book ''[[Sociobiology: The New Synthesis]]''.]]

[[Sociobiology]] emerged with [[E. O. Wilson]]'s 1975 book ''[[Sociobiology: The New Synthesis]]''.<ref name="May 1976">{{cite journal |title=Sociobiology: a new synthesis and an old quarrel |author=May, Robert M. |date=1 April 1976 |volume=260 |issue=5550 |pages=390–392 |pmid=11643303 |doi=10.1038/260390a0 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |bibcode=1976Natur.260..390M |s2cid=4144395 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The existence of a putative [[altruism]] gene has been debated; the evolutionary biologist [[W. D. Hamilton]] proposed "genes underlying altruism" in 1964,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=W. D. |author-link=W. D. Hamilton |title=The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I |journal=[[Journal of Theoretical Biology]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |year=1964 |pmid=5875341 |doi=10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4|bibcode=1964JThBi...7....1H }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=W. D. |author-link=W. D. Hamilton |title=The genetical evolution of social behaviour. II |journal=[[Journal of Theoretical Biology]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=17–52 |year=1964 |pmid=5875340 |doi=10.1016/0022-5193(64)90039-6 |bibcode=1964JThBi...7...17H }}</ref> while the biologist Graham J. Thompson and colleagues identified the genes [[OXTR]], [[CD38]], [[COMT]], [[DRD4]], [[DRD5]], [[IGF2]], [[GABRB2]] as candidates "affecting altruism".<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=3871336 |pmid=24132092 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2013.0395 |volume=9 |issue=6 |title=Genes underlying altruism |year=2013 |journal=[[Biology Letters]] |page=20130395 |last1=Thompson |first1=G. J. |last2=Hurd |first2=P. L. |last3=Crespi |first3=B. J.}}</ref> The geneticist [[Steve Jones (biologist)|Steve Jones]] argues that altruistic behaviour like "loving our neighbour" is built into the human genome, with the proviso that neighbour means member of "our tribe", someone who shares many genes with the altruist, and that the behaviour can thus be explained by [[kin selection]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Giberson |first=Karl |title=Book review: 'The Serpent's Promise', on Bible-Science tensions, by Steve Jones |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/book-review-the-serpents-promise-on-bible-science-tensions-by-steve-jones/2014/08/15/6db92e54-133f-11e4-98ee-daea85133bc9_story.html |access-date=9 June 2018 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=15 August 2014}}</ref> Evolutionary biologists such as Jones have argued that genes that did not lead to selfish behaviour would die out compared to genes that did, because the selfish genes would favour themselves. However, the mathematician George Constable and colleagues have argued that altruism can be an [[evolutionarily stable strategy]], making organisms better able to survive random catastrophes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Johnston |first1=Ian |title=Altruism has more of an evolutionary advantage than selfishness, mathematicians say |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/altruism-selfishness-evolution-mathematics-princeton-bath-university-a7148471.html |work=[[The Independent]] |date=21 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="Constable Rogers McKane Tarnita pp. E4745–E4754">{{cite journal |last1=Constable |first1=George W. A. |last2=Rogers |first2=Tim |last3=McKane |first3=Alan J. |last4=Tarnita |first4=Corina E. |title=Demographic noise can reverse the direction of deterministic selection |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=113 |issue=32 |date=22 July 2016 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1603693113 |pmid=27450085 |pmc=4987790 |pages=E4745–E4754 |arxiv=1608.03471 |doi-access=free }}</ref>