Editing Binomial nomenclature (section)

==Codes==
From the early 19th century<!--Strickland code was 1841--> onwards it became ever more apparent that a body of rules was necessary to govern scientific names. In the course of time these became [[nomenclature codes]]. The ''[[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature]]'' (''ICZN'') governs the naming of animals,<ref name=ICZN>{{Harvnb|International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature|1999}}</ref> the ''[[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants]]'' (''ICNafp'') that of plants (including [[cyanobacteria]]), and the ''[[International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria]]'' (''ICNB'') that of [[bacteria]] (including [[Archaea]]). [[Virus]] names are governed by the ''[[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]]'' (''ICTV''), a taxonomic code, which determines taxa as well as names. These codes differ in certain ways, e.g.:
* "Binomial nomenclature" is the correct term for botany,<ref>[[#ICN2012|McNeill et al. 2012]], Article 23</ref> although it is also used by zoologists.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schmidt |first=Diane |date=2003 |title=Guide to reference and information sources in the zoological sciences |location=Westport, Conn. |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |isbn=978-1-56308-977-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetoreference0000schm |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EqJrbvJU4uwC&pg=PA4 4]}}</ref> Since 1961,<ref name="ICZN1961_Chap2Article5">{{Cite book |title=International code of zoological nomenclature, adopted by the XV International Congress of Zoology / Code international de nomenclature zoologique, adopté par le XVe Congrès international de zoologie |last=International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature |publisher=The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature |date=1961 |volume=1961 |edition=1 |location=London |pages=11, 148 |language=fr, en |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/107561#page/33/mode/1up |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.50303 |access-date=29 March 2023 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329170250/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/107561#page/33/mode/1up |url-status=live}} , [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/107561#page/172/mode/1up p148 Glossary] </ref> "binomi<u>n</u>al nomenclature" is the technically correct term in zoology.<ref name="ICZN1999_Chap2Article5">{{Harvnb|International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature|1999|loc=[https://code.iczn.org/chapter-2-the-number-of-words-in-the-scientific-names-of-animals/article-5-principle-of-binominal-nomenclature/?frame=1 Chapter 2, Article 5. Principle of Binominal Nomenclature]}} ({{Cite web |url=https://code.iczn.org/chapter-2-the-number-of-words-in-the-scientific-names-of-animals/article-5-principle-of-binominal-nomenclature/ |title=Article 5. Principle of Binominal Nomenclature &#124; International Code of Zoological Nomenclature |access-date=29 March 2023 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329164629/https://code.iczn.org/chapter-2-the-number-of-words-in-the-scientific-names-of-animals/article-5-principle-of-binominal-nomenclature/ |url-status=live}})</ref> A binomial name is also called a binomen (plural binomina) or {{not a typo|binominal|reason="Binomi'n'al", with an "n" before the "al", is the alternative name in the ICZN. Do not "correct" it.}} name.<ref name="ICZN1999_Glossary">{{Harvnb|International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature|1999|loc=[https://code.iczn.org/glossary/ Glossary – "binomen", "nomenclature, binominal"]}} ({{Cite web |url=https://code.iczn.org/glossary/ |title=Glossary &#124; International Code of Zoological Nomenclature |access-date=29 March 2023 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206072152/https://code.iczn.org/glossary/ |url-status=live}})</ref>
* Both codes consider the first part of the two-part name for a species to be the "generic name". In the zoological code (''ICZN''), the second part of the name is a "specific name". In the botanical code (''ICNafp''), it is a "specific epithet". Together, these two parts are referred to as a "species name" or "binomen" in the zoological code: or "species name", "binomial", or "binary combination" in the botanical code. "Species name" is the only term common to the two codes.
* The ''ICNafp'', the plant code, does not allow the two parts of a binomial name to be the same (such a name is called a [[tautonym]]), whereas the ''ICZN'', the animal code, does. Thus the American bison has the binomen ''Bison bison''; a name of this kind would not be allowed for a plant.
* The starting points, the time from which these codes are in effect (retroactively), vary from group to group. In [[botany]] the starting point will often be in 1753 (the year Carl Linnaeus first published ''[[Species Plantarum]]''). In [[zoology]] the starting point is 1758 (1 January 1758 is considered the date of the publication of Linnaeus's ''[[Systema Naturae]]'', 10th Edition, and also [[Carl Alexander Clerck|Clerck's]] ''Aranei Svecici''). [[Bacteriology]] started anew, with a starting point on 1 January 1980.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sneath |first=P. H. A. |date=2003 |publisher=International Union of Microbiological Societies |url=http://www.the-icsp.org/misc/Code_history.htm |access-date=20 June 2013 |work=The-ICSP.org |title=A short history of the Bacteriological Code |archive-date=24 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524070542/http://www.the-icsp.org/misc/Code_history.htm}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Summary of terminology for the names of species in the ICZN and ICNafp
! Code !! Full name !! First part !! Second part
|-
| ICZN || species name, binomen, binominal name || generic name, genus name || specific name
|-
| ICNafp || species name, binary combination, binomial (name) || generic name || specific epithet
|}
Unifying the different codes into a single code, the "''BioCode''", has been suggested,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Draft Biocode |url=https://www.bgbm.org/IAPT/biocode/default.htm |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=www.bgbm.org}}</ref> although implementation is not in sight. (There is also a published code for a different system of biotic nomenclature, which does not use ranks above species, but instead names [[clade]]s. This is called ''[[PhyloCode]]''.)

===Differences in handling personal names===
As noted above, there are some differences between the codes in how binomials can be formed; for example the ''ICZN'' allows both parts to be the same, while the ''ICNafp'' does not. Another difference is in how personal names are used in forming specific names or epithets. The ''ICNafp'' sets out precise rules by which a personal name is to be converted to a specific epithet. In particular, names ending in a consonant (but not "er") are treated as first being converted into Latin by adding "-ius" (for a man) or "-ia" (for a woman), and then being made genitive (i.e. meaning "of that person or persons"). This produces specific epithets like ''lecardii'' for Lecard (male), ''wilsoniae'' for Wilson (female), and ''brauniarum'' for the Braun sisters.<ref>[[#ICN2012|McNeill et al. 2012]], Recommendation 60C</ref> By contrast, the ''ICZN'' does not require the intermediate creation of a Latin form of a personal name, allowing the genitive ending to be added directly to the personal name.<ref>{{Harvnb|International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature|1999}}, Chap. 7, Article 3.1.2</ref> This explains the difference between the names of the plant ''Magnolia hodgsonii'' and the bird ''Anthus hodgsoni''. Furthermore, the ''ICNafp'' requires names not published in the form required by the code to be corrected to conform to it,<ref>[[#ICN2012|McNeill et al. 2012]], Article 60.12</ref> whereas the ''ICZN'' is more protective of the form used by the original author.<ref>{{Harvnb|International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature|1999}}, Chap. 7, Article 32.3</ref>