Editing Beryl (section)

=== Emerald ===
{{Main|Emerald}}
{{see also|Colombian emeralds}}
[[File:Béryl var. émeraude sur gangue (Muzo Mine Boyaca - Colombie) 15.jpg|thumb|left|Rough emerald on matrix]]
Emerald is green beryl, colored by around 2% [[chromium]] and sometimes [[vanadium]].<ref name="Caltech">{{cite web |url=http://minerals.caltech.edu/FILES/Visible/BERYL/Index.htm |title=Color in the beryl group |website=minerals.caltech.edu |access-date=2009-06-06 |department=Mineral Spectroscopy Server |publisher=California Institute of Technology |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822012424/http://minerals.caltech.edu/FILES/Visible/BERYL/Index.htm |archive-date=2011-08-22 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Hurlbut-1991">{{cite book |last1=Hurlbut |first1=Cornelius S. Jr. |last2=Kammerling |first2=Robert C. |name-list-style=amp |year=1991 |title=Gemology |page=203 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |place=New York |isbn=978-0-471-42224-2}}</ref> Most emeralds are highly [[inclusion (mineral)|included]], so their brittleness (resistance to breakage) is classified as generally poor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Emerald Quality Factors|url=https://www.gia.edu/emerald-quality-factor|website=GIA.edu|publisher=Gemological Institute of America|access-date=1 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102090527/http://www.gia.edu/emerald-quality-factor|archive-date=November 2, 2016}}</ref>

The modern English word "emerald" comes via [[Middle English]] ''emeraude'', imported from modern French via [[Old French]] ''ésmeraude'' and [[Medieval Latin]] {{Lang|la-x-medieval|esmaraldus}}, from [[Latin]] {{Lang|la|smaragdus}}, from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|{{math|σμάραγδος}}}} ''smaragdos'' meaning 'green gem'.{{efn|
The [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|{{math|σμάραγδος}}}} (''smaragdos'') is used in the [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] languages as  אזמרגד, ''izmargad'', as a loan-word meaning a precious emerald-colored stone. Greek ''smaragdos'' was used to translate the native Hebrew word {{lang|he|ברקת}}, ''bareket'', for one of the twelve listed stones in the [[Hoshen]] pectoral pendant of the Kohen HaGadol. The word ''bareket'' is also used to mean "lightning flash". It may be related to Akkadian ''baraqtu'', which means "emerald". In turn the semetic language words are possibly related to the [[Sanskrit]] word {{lang|sa|मरकत}} ''marakata'', meaning "green".<ref name="Fernie-1906">{{cite book | last = Fernie |first = W.T., M.D. |year = 1906 |title = Precious Stones for Curative Wear |publisher = John Wright. & Co.}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=October 2023|reason=The book was a pseudo-medical book on "magic" stones. The cited philologies seem dubious, and are certainly very dated. Considerably better editions of the Greek and Hebrew bible texts are now known, and in the past 120 years far many more ancient Semetic languages have been studied by competent linguists.}}
}}

[[File:Smaragd-G-EmpireTheWorldOfGems.jpg|thumb|right|Faceted emerald, {{cvt|1.07|carat}}, Colombia]]
Emeralds in antiquity were mined by the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]] and in what is now [[Austria]], as well as [[Swat (Pakistan)|Swat]] in contemporary [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Giuliani |first1=G. |last2=Chaussidon |first2=M. |last3=Schubnel |first3=H.J. |last4=Piat |first4=D.H. |last5=Rollion-Bard |first5=C. |last6=France-Lanord |first6=C. |last7=Giard |first7=D. |last8=de Narvaez |first8=D. |last9=Rondeau |first9=B. |year=2000 |title=Oxygen isotopes and emerald trade routes since antiquity |journal=Science |volume=287 |issue=5453 |pages=631–633 |pmid=10649992 |doi=10.1126/science.287.5453.631 |bibcode=2000Sci...287..631G}}</ref> A rare type of emerald known as a [[trapiche emerald]] is occasionally found in the mines of [[Colombia]]. A trapiche emerald exhibits a "star" pattern; it has raylike spokes of dark carbon impurities that give the emerald a six-pointed radial pattern. It is named for the ''[[trapiche]]'', a grinding wheel used to process [[sugarcane]] in the region. [[Colombian emeralds]] are generally the most prized due to their transparency and fire. Some of the rarest emeralds come from the two main emerald belts in the [[Cordillera Oriental (Colombia)|Eastern Ranges]] of the Colombian [[Andes]]: [[Colombian emeralds#Western belt|Muzo and Coscuez]] west of the [[Altiplano Cundiboyacense]], and [[Colombian emeralds#Western belt|Chivor and Somondoco]] to the east. Fine emeralds are also found in other countries, such as [[Zambia]], [[Brazil]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Madagascar]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Russia]]. In the US, emeralds can be found in [[Hiddenite, North Carolina]]. In 1998, emeralds were discovered in [[Yukon]].

Emerald is a rare and valuable gemstone and, as such, it has provided the [[incentive]] for developing synthetic emeralds. Both hydrothermal<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hosaka, M. |year=1991 |title=Hydrothermal growth of gem stones and their characterization |journal=Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials |volume=21 |issue=1–4 |page=71 |doi=10.1016/0960-8974(91)90008-Z|bibcode=1991PCGCM..21...71H }}</ref> and ''flux-growth'' synthetics have been produced. The first commercially successful emerald synthesis process was that of Carroll Chatham.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gemologyproject.com/wiki/index.php?title=Carroll_Chatham |title=Carroll Chatham |publisher=The Gemology Project |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910055802/http://gemologyproject.com/wiki/index.php?title=Carroll_Chatham |archive-date=2011-09-10 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The other large producer of flux emeralds was Pierre Gilson Sr., which has been on the market since 1964. Gilson's emeralds are usually grown on natural colorless beryl seeds which become coated on both sides. Growth occurs at the rate of {{convert|1|mm|in}} per month, a typical seven-month growth run producing emerald crystals of 7&nbsp;mm of thickness.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nassau |first=K. |date=1980 |title=Gems Made by Man |publisher=Gemological Institute of America |isbn=978-0-873-11016-7}}</ref> The green color of emeralds is widely attributed to presence of Cr<sup>3+</sup> ions.<ref name="Ibragimova-2009">{{cite journal |last1=Ibragimova |first1=E.M.|last2=Mukhamedshina |first2=N.M. |last3=Islamov |first3=A.Kh.|year=2009 |title=Correlations between admixtures and color centers created upon irradiation of natural beryl crystals  |journal=Inorganic Materials |volume=45 |issue=2 |page=162  |doi=10.1134/S0020168509020101|s2cid=96344887}}</ref><ref name="Viana-2002"/><ref name="Blak-1983"/> Intensely green beryls from Brazil, Zimbabwe and elsewhere in which the color is attributed to [[vanadium]] have also been sold and certified as emeralds.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Arthur |year=2008 |title=Gemstones: Properties, Identification and Use |location=London |publisher=New Holland |pages=77–78 |isbn=978-1-845-37602-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Behmenburg |first1=Christa |last2=Conklin |first2=Lawrence |last3=Giuliani |first3=Gaston |last4=Glas |first4=Maximilian |last5=Gray |first5=Patricia |last6=Gray |first6=Michael |editor1-last=Giuliani |editor1-first=Gaston |editor2-last=Jarnot |editor2-first=Miranda |editor3-last=Neumeier |editor3-first=Gunther |editor4-last=Ottaway |editor4-first=Terri |editor5-last=Sinkankas |editor5-first=John |date=January 2002 |title=Emeralds of the World |series=ExtraLapis |volume=2 |place=East Hampton, CT |publisher=Lapis International |pages=75–77 |isbn=978-0-971-53711-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Deer |first1=W.A. |last2=Zussman |first2=J. |last3=Howie |first3=R.A. |year=1997 |title=Disilicates and Ring Silicates |series=Rock-forming Minerals |volume=1B | edition=2 |location=Bath |publisher=Geological Society of London |pages=393–394 |isbn=978-1-897-79989-5}}</ref>