Editing Bergen (section)

==Cityscape==
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = Bryggen, Bergen, Noruega, 2019-09-08, DD 115-117 PAN.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Bryggen in Bergen, built after 1702
| location      = Bergen Municipality, Bergen, Norway
| criteria      = {{UNESCO WHS type|(iii)}}(iii)
| ID            = 59
| year          = 1979
| area          = {{convert|1.196|ha|sqft|abbr=on}}
| website       = {{URL|www.stiftelsenbryggen.no}}
| locmapin      = Norway
| map_caption   = 
}}
[[File:Night view from Mount Floyen - Bergen, Norway.jpg|thumb|left|Night view of Bergen from Mount [[Fløyen]]]]

The city centre of Bergen lies in the west of the municipality, facing the fjord of [[Byfjorden (Hordaland)|Byfjorden]]. It is among a group of mountains known as the [[Seven Mountains, Bergen|Seven Mountains]], although the number is a matter of definition. From here, the urban area of Bergen extends to the north, west and south, and to its east is a large mountain massif. Outside the city centre and the surrounding neighbourhoods (i.e. [[Årstad, Bergen|Årstad]], inner [[Laksevåg]] and [[Sandviken, Norway|Sandviken]]), the majority of the population lives in relatively sparsely populated residential areas built after 1950. While some are dominated by [[apartment|apartment building]]s and modern [[terraced house]]s (e.g. [[Fyllingsdalen]]), others are dominated by [[single-family detached home|single-family home]]s.<ref name="bl27">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1994 |title=Bergen |encyclopedia=[[Bergen Byleksikon]] |publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget |location=Oslo |last=Hagen Hartvedt |first=Gunnar |edition=1st |pages=27 |isbn=82-573-0485-9}}</ref>

[[File:Bergen,Norway (14858093371).jpg|thumb|right|View of the city centre with [[Torgallmenningen]]]]
The oldest part of Bergen is the area around the bay of Vågen in the city centre. Originally centred on the bay's eastern side, Bergen eventually expanded west and southwards. Few buildings from the oldest period remain, the most significant being [[St Mary's Church, Bergen|St Mary's Church]] from the 12th century. For several hundred years, the extent of the city remained almost constant. The population was stagnant, and the city limits were narrow.<ref name="bl23">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1994 |title=Bergen |encyclopedia=Bergen Byleksikon |publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget |location=Oslo |last=Hagen Hartvedt |first=Gunnar |edition=1st |pages=23 |isbn=82-573-0485-9}}</ref> In 1702, seven-eighths of the city burned. Most of the old buildings of Bergen, including Bryggen (which was rebuilt in a mediaeval style), were built after the fire. The fire marked a transition from [[tar]] covered houses, as well as the remaining [[log home|log house]]s, to painted and some brick-covered wooden buildings.<ref name="bl25">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1994 |title=Bergen |encyclopedia=Bergen Byleksikon |publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget |location=Oslo |last=Hagen Hartvedt |first=Gunnar |edition=1st |pages=25 |isbn=82-573-0485-9}}</ref>

[[File:Marienkirche in Bergen 01.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[St Mary's Church, Bergen|St Mary's Church]]]]
The last half of the 19th century saw a period of rapid expansion and modernisation. The fire of 1855 west of [[Torgallmenningen]] led to the development of regularly sized city blocks in this area of the city centre. The city limits were expanded in 1876, and [[Nygård, Norway|Nygård]], [[Møhlenpris]] and [[Sandviken, Norway|Sandviken]] were urbanized with large-scale construction of city blocks housing both the poor and the wealthy.<ref name="bt_nygaardshøyden">{{Cite news |last=Østerbø |first=Kjell |date=23 September 2007 |title=Da rike og fattige fikk sine strøk |url=http://www.bt.no/lokalt/bergen/article413890.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625091158/http://www.bt.no/lokalt/bergen/article413890.ece |archive-date=25 June 2008 |access-date=18 December 2008 |work=Bergens Tidende |language=no}}</ref> Their architecture is influenced by a variety of styles; [[historicism (art)|historicism]], [[classicism]] and [[Art Nouveau]].<ref name="bl2526">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1994 |title=Bergen |encyclopedia=Bergen Byleksikon |publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget |location=Oslo |last=Hagen Hartvedt |first=Gunnar |edition=1st |pages=25–26 |isbn=82-573-0485-9}}</ref> The wealthy built villas between Møhlenpris and Nygård, and on the side of Mount Fløyen; these areas were also added to Bergen in 1876. Simultaneously, an urbanization process was taking place in [[Solheimsviken]] in Årstad, at that time outside the Bergen municipality, centred on the large industrial activity in the area.<ref name="bl2627">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1994 |title=Bergen |encyclopedia=Bergen Byleksikon |publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget |location=Oslo |last=Hagen Hartvedt |first=Gunnar |edition=1st |pages=26–27 |isbn=82-573-0485-9}}</ref> The workers' homes in this area were poorly built, and little remains after large-scale redevelopment in the 1960s–1980s.

[[File:Kong Oscars gate, Bergen 2018.jpg|thumb|[[Kong Oscars gate]]]]
After Årstad became a part of Bergen in 1916, a development plan was applied to the new area. Few city blocks akin to those in Nygård and Møhlenpris were planned. Many of the worker class built their own homes, and many small, detached apartment buildings were built. After World War II, Bergen had again run short of land to build on, and, contrary to the original plans, many large apartment buildings were built in [[Landås]] in the 1950s and 1960s. Bergen acquired [[Fyllingsdalen]] from [[Fana (municipality)|Fana]] municipality in 1955. Like similar areas in Oslo (e.g. [[Lambertseter]]), Fyllingsdalen was developed into a modern suburb with large apartment buildings, [[Tower block|mid-rise]]s, and some single-family homes, in the 1960s and 1970s. Similar developments took place beyond Bergen's city limits, for example in [[Loddefjord]].<ref name="bl961">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1994 |title=Bergen |encyclopedia=Bergen Byleksikon |publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget |location=Oslo |last=Hagen Hartvedt |first=Gunnar |edition=1st |pages=9–61 |isbn=82-573-0485-9}}</ref> 
[[File:06.05.25 16 Fra Nordnes i Bergen.JPG|thumb|View from the Nordnes part of Bergen]]
At the same time as [[New town|planned city]] expansion took place inside Bergen, its extra-municipal suburbs also grew rapidly. Wealthy citizens of Bergen had been living in Fana since the 19th century, but as the city expanded it became more convenient to settle in the municipality. Similar processes took place in [[Åsane]] and Laksevåg. Most of the homes in these areas are detached [[Terraced house|row house]]s,{{clarify|reason=row houses are attached, by definition|date=April 2020}} single family homes or small apartment buildings.<ref name="bl961" /> After the surrounding municipalities were merged with Bergen in 1972, expansion has continued in largely the same manner, although the municipality encourages condensing near commercial centres, future [[Bergen Light Rail]] stations, and elsewhere.<ref name="bt_fortetting1">{{Cite news |last=Mæland |first=Pål Andreas |date=16 May 2008 |title=Nå kommer slangen til Paradis |url=http://www.bt.no/lokalt/bergen/article564560.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130112052521/http://www.bt.no/lokalt/bergen/article564560.ece |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=18 December 2008 |work=[[Bergens Tidende]] |language=no}}</ref><ref name="bt_fortetting2">{{Cite news |last=Røyrane |first=Eva |date=9 May 2007 |title=Bergen bygges tettere |url=http://bt.no/forbruker/husoghjem/article361530.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807100820/http://www.bt.no/forbruker/husoghjem/article361530.ece |archive-date=7 August 2011 |access-date=18 December 2008 |work=[[Bergens Tidende]] |language=no}}</ref>

As part of the modernisation wave of the 1950s and 1960s, and due to damage caused by World War II, the [[Local government|city government]] ambitiously planned redevelopment of many areas in central Bergen. The plans involved demolition of several neighbourhoods of wooden houses, namely [[Nordnes]], Marken, and Stølen. None of the plans was carried out in its original form; the Marken and Stølen redevelopment plans were discarded and that of Nordnes only carried out in the area that had been most damaged by war. The city council of Bergen had in 1964 voted to demolish the entirety of Marken, however, the decision proved to be highly controversial and the decision was reversed in 1974. Bryggen was under threat of being wholly or partly demolished after the fire of 1955, when a large number of the buildings burned to the ground. Instead of being demolished, the remaining buildings were restored and accompanied by reconstructions of some of the burned buildings.<ref name="bl961" />

Demolition of old buildings and occasionally whole city blocks is still taking place, the most recent major example being the 2007 razing of Jonsvollskvartalet at Nøstet.<ref name="bt_jonsvoll">{{Cite news |last=Okkenhaug |first=Liv Solli |date=21 April 2007 |title=Rev de siste husene |url=http://www.bt.no/lokalt/bergen/article357421.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427074218/http://www.bt.no/lokalt/bergen/article357421.ece |archive-date=27 April 2007 |access-date=18 December 2008 |work=[[Bergens Tidende]] |language=no}}</ref>

[[Billboard]]s are banned in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Patowary |first=Kaushik |date=2013-07-20 |title=São Paulo: The City With No Outdoor Advertisements |url=http://www.amusingplanet.com/2013/07/sao-paulo-city-with-no-outdoor.html |work=AmusingPlanet}}</ref>

{{wide image|Brygge Norway 2005-08-18.jpg|1100px|Panorama of the reconstructed Hanseatic buildings of [[Bryggen]], a World Heritage Site}}