Editing Battle of Trebbia (1799) (section)

==Battle==
[[File:The battle of the Trebbia (1799) map.jpg|thumb|left|Map of the battle (17 to 20 June)]]
===Tidone River - 17 June===
[[File:Castel San Giovanni - Madonna del Mistadello.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|alt=Photo of a small brick chapel on a highway amid rolling pastures. A sign reads Voghera to the right and Piacenza to the left.|Country chapel is on the highway between Castel San Giovanni and Sarmato.]]

The Tidone River runs north into the Po west of Piacenza. With steep banks 2 to 3 metres high and a width of about {{convert|100|m|yd|0}}, the stream has some defensive value. Like the Tidone, the bed of the Trebbia is filled with white stones.<ref name=Duffy92/> On 17 June at 8:00 am the French opened their attack against Ott's positions behind the Tidone. On hand were a total of 18,700 soldiers including Salme's Advance Guard. The French divisions were deployed with Victor on the right, Rusca in the center and Dombrowski on the left. Because of the wounds he sustained at Modena, MacDonald was bedridden in the village of Borgo San Antonio to the west of Piacenza. As senior officer Victor should have assumed tactical control of the fight, but he stayed in Piacenza, resulting in poor coordination of the French effort. Nevertheless, the determined initial assault ousted the ''d'Aspré'' Jägers from their west-bank positions in the hamlets of Agazzino, Pontetidone and Veratto di Sopra. As Dombrowski's troops mounted a flank attack to the south, the troops of Victor's division fought their way to the village of [[Sarmato]] where they were held up by an Austrian artillery battery and two battalions of the ''Nádasdy'' Regiment. Chasteler was with Ott when the French attack started. He urged Ott to hold as long as possible and went back to find that his task force was hurrying on its way. At 1:00 pm Chasteler's men arrived and were thrown into the fight. Nevertheless, at 3:00 pm the French overran both Sarmato and its defending battery, forcing Ott's troops back to a position in front of [[Castel San Giovanni]].<ref name=Duffy94>Duffy (1999), p. 94</ref>

[[File:Battle of Trebbia (1799).JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Battle of the Trebbia. Unknown author]]

Soon afterward Melas arrived with three battalions of Austrians foot and some squadrons of the ''Archduke Joseph'' Hussars.<ref name=Duffy94/> Suvorov inspired the Russian columns by suddenly appearing at odd places along the line of march. If inspiration failed, Cossacks were employed to prod stragglers back into line. Chasteler's units hustled off to the south to block a turning movement by Dombrowski's division. The ''Bagration'' Jäger Regiment veered off to the north while the four Russian combined grenadier battalions were committed to battle near Castel San Giovanni.<ref name=Duffy95>Duffy (1999), p. 95</ref> Bagration approached Suvorov and half-voiced asked for permission to delay until at least some of the stragglers arrive, because the companies do not number even 40 men. Suvorov answered him quietly in his ear: "and MacDonald has not even 20 men; attack with God".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294791/page/n127/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |edition=1st |volume=3 |page=115 |language=ru}}</ref> Despite the odds turning against them, the French continued to mount spirited attacks. Gradually the Allies massed in two battle lines in front of Castel San Giovanni. Ott had held on with the help of Chasteler, and then the arrival of Melas, Suvorov and Bagration in very rapid succession built up the allies to a decisively superior 30,656 Austrians and Russians in [[regular troops]] alone (this is the overall numbers<ref name=Duffy96/>).<ref name=Duffy95/> Field Marshal Suvorov's orders for the forthcoming attack had in mind first of all to concentrate as large a force as possible; for this purpose officers were sent back to gather and bring the rest during the forced march on 17 June; orders were sent to Major General Nikolay Chubarov that he should hurry to join the army; besides, support from Kray was expected. However, neither Chubarov (he arrived on the 19th with 1,300 men{{sfn|Orlov|1892|p=217}}) nor reinforcements from Kray arrived on that day, and the troops were reinforced only by stragglers, who were pulled up throughout the 18th of June and went straight from the march into the fray.{{Sfn|Orlov|1892|p=205}}

Finally, the Allies recaptured Sarmato and the abandoned Austrian cannons, compelling the French to retreat. The French fell back stubbornly, taking advantage of plentiful cover to repulse Austrian cavalry charges. Salme's Advanced Guard covered the last stages of the withdrawal, forming square at Ca' del Bosco on the northern part of the battlefield. The shooting ended by 9:00 pm.<ref name=Duffy95/> The French suffered losses of about 1,000 killed and wounded plus 1,200 more captured. Allied casualties are not given.<ref name="Smith159">Smith (1998), p. 159</ref> Based on the results of 17 June, with up to 15,000 men Suvorov decisively rushed on 18,000<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294791/page/n129/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |edition=1st |volume=3 |page=116 |language=ru}}</ref> French, given the reinforcements that had arrived, and forced them to retreat.{{Sfn|Orlov|1892|p=322}}

===Trebbia River - 18 June===
[[File:De Maurizio Felice - ritratto del generale Rusca - incisione - ca. 1840.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|alt=Sepia print labeled ''Rusca'' shows a man in a dark military uniform with lace on the high collar and epaulettes. He has curly dark hair, round eyes and a thin build.|Jean-Baptiste Rusca]]
The Allied army had a total of {{frac|32|2|3}} battalions, 24 squadrons and 4 Cossack regiments. Each division was ordered to build in combat order in two lines, 300 paces distance; each cavalry regiment — in the ''[[divizion]]'' way, having in the first line of two ''divizions'', and in the second — one. The password and the slogan for June 18 were appointed "[[Maria Theresa|Theresia]]" and "[[Battle of Kolin|Kolin]]", because the battle fell on the anniversary of the Austrian victory over [[Frederick the Great]] at Kolin in 1757. Such a reminder might have been encouraging to the Austrians.<ref name=Duffy100/>{{sfn|Orlov|1892|p=207}}

Unexpectedly confronted by a large Austro-Russian army, MacDonald was in a dilemma. He believed that his 22,000 available soldiers were outnumbered and ought to retreat, but he anticipated that Moreau might soon arrive to pitch into the Allied rear. So he hoped to hold out until his last divisions could arrive on the field. MacDonald was also aware of the presence of a force under [[Jean François Cornu de La Poype]] that was in position to threaten the Allied south flank.<ref name=Duffy96/> On the 18th, Veletsky's detached force surprised La Poype's 1,500 French and 2,000 Genoese at [[Bobbio]], sending them fleeing back to Genoa.<ref name=Duffy91/> On morning of 18 June the injured MacDonald inspected his army. He found his men ready to fight and the enemy inactive.<ref name=Duffy96/> Meanwhile, Suvorov and Chasteler planned to throw three columns at the French, with the main strength on the right to break down MacDonald's flank by advancing from the Tidone to the [[Trebbia]] and finally all the way to the Nure River, the next river to the east. With luck, the French would be driven back against the Po. The First Column on the right was headed by Bagration's Advance Guard followed by Schveikovsky's division. The Second Column in the center was made up of Förster's division. The Third Column included the divisions of Ott and Fröhlich. Ott was ordered to drive straight ahead to the Trebbia supported by his colleague. At some point Fröhlich's grenadiers were supposed to reinforce the right flank in order to give more weight to its attack.<ref name=Duffy100>Duffy (1999), pp. 99-100</ref>

[[File:George Dawe - Portrait of General Pyotr Bagration (1765-1812) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.6|alt=Painting shows a dark-haired man with long sideburns and a determined look. He wears a dark military uniform with epaulettes and a number of medals.|Pyotr Bagration]]

Suvorov's desire to start the attack at 7:00 am proved to be impractical due to the Allied soldiers' exhaustion, so it was put off until 11:00 am. Scouts reported that the French were defending behind the Trebbia with advanced positions near the villages of San Nicolò a Trebbia, Mamago Sotto Svizzera, [[Gragnano Trebbiense]] and Casaliggio, from north to south. Bagration's Advance Guard forded the Tidone and attacked Dombrowski's ''Polish Legion'' south of Casaliggio at 2:00 pm, achieving some surprise. Coming from the south, a Polish battalion threatened the Russian rear, but it was quickly hemmed in by Russian infantry, the Austrian ''Karaczay'' Dragoons, and Cossacks; 230 men were forced to lay down their arms. An alert French staff officer, Pierre Edmé Gautherin brought the divisions of Rusca and Victor to the west bank of the Trebbia where they stopped and drove back Bagration's troops.<ref name=Duffy100/> Rosenberg brought Schveikovsky's reserve division into the fight while Suvorov personally rallied the shaken Russian infantry. "Halt!" cried Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov, and at that instant the line of retreating troops stopped, as a concealed battery spewed cannon shot into the French. They wavered in a state of shock, and stood for a while as the cannon shot, shells and canister from the hidden battery coursed through them. "Press on! ''Stupai, Stupai!'' With the bayonet! Hurrah!" continued to yell Suvorov. The Russians presently gained the upper hand and compelled Rusca to pull back to the east bank of the Trebbia, which his men accomplished while maintaining their ranks but hotly pursued by the allied cavalry. The fighting in the center began when the ''Levenehr'' Dragoons and ''Molchanov'' Cossacks clashed with some French horsemen and drove them back. Starting at 5:00 pm, Förster slowly pressed back the right wing of Victor's division.<ref name=Duffy102/> 2 companies of Tyrtov's regiment knocked several hundred French infantry of Rusca's division out of Gragnano. As the advanced French troops were pushed out of this village, part of Monrichard's division went forward to support them. Förster then put all his troops into action, leaving only one battalion in reserve, and attacked the opponent on the left bank of the Trebbia; seeing his flank exposed, Monrichard was forced to retreat. Thus, the French finally evacuated Gragnano and fell back across the Trebbia.<ref name=Duffy102>Duffy (1999), pp. 101-102</ref>{{Sfn|Orlov|1892|p=213}}

Salme's Advanced Guard, which was posted near Sant' Imento north of the highway, was unchallenged most of the day. At about 2:30 pm, the divisions of Montrichard and Olivier crossed the Trebbia and marched to Salme's support. Seeing these French reinforcements in his front, Melas decided not to release Fröhlich's division instead of helping the right flank as he was supposed to.<ref name=Duffy102/> In general, during the two-day fighting at the Trebbia, Melas showed delay and indecision, or even half-heartedly carried out Suvorov's orders to put units into battle, which threatened the troops with a possible French breakthrough, including the decision not to bring Fröhlich into the battle.<ref name=Duffy103/>{{Sfn|Orlov|1892|pp=213-224}} If Suvorov was not on the right flank (8,5 km from Melas), but, for example, at the middle column, he would have been able to understand Melas' behaviour in time and force him to do his will; but because of the right flank's importance, where the fate of the battle was decided, Suvorov had to be there.{{Sfn|Orlov|1892|p=215}}<ref name=Duffy102/> The Third Column commander sent Ott forward at 6:00 pm and the Austrians easily brushed aside Salme's outnumbered unit. Together, Ott and Fröhlich pushed Montrichard and Olivier back beyond the Trebbia by evening. That night in a bizarre operation, Rosenberg took two Russian grenadier battalions across the Trebbia south of [[Gossolengo]]. They somehow penetrated the French lines as far as Settima where they routed a French detachment and liberated some prisoners.<ref name=Duffy102/> At 3:00 am, Rosenberg's expedition headed back to the west bank, again without arousing any French sentries. Four squadrons of the ''Karaczay'' Dragoons mounted a similar expedition but were detected and driven off by musketry. Both groups missed the pointless battle that occurred earlier in the evening. Hearing what they believed to be Moreau's artillery, three French battalions mounted an extemporaneous attack at 9:30 pm, surprising an Austrian battalion. Melas called up reinforcements from his own and Förster's divisions while Prince Liechtenstein charged into the fray with the ''Lobkowitz'' Dragoons. The artillery of both sides opened up on the melee, causing many [[friendly fire]] casualties. After strenuous efforts, the leaders of both sides managed to wind down the senseless fighting by 11:00 pm.<ref name=Duffy103>Duffy (1999), pp. 103-105</ref> The total allied force in the combat of 18 June, if the casualties of 17 June are roughly deducted, was around 22,000, which is equal to the French forces.{{Sfn|Orlov|1892|p=205}}

===Trebbia River - 19 June===
[[File:Johann Gabriel von Chasteler.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|alt=Black-and-white print shows a man in a plain gray military coat with only one decoration, the Order of Maria Theresa. He has a cleft chin, dark eyebrows and light-colored hair that is curled at the ears in 18th century fashion.|Johann von Chasteler]]

Chasteler sent orders for the Allied army to begin the assault at 6:00 am on 19 June. However, the plan was not delivered to Melas until 11:00 am. In the meantime, Melas noticed the presence of strong enemy forces at the north end of the battleline and sent 12 artillery pieces to the west bank of the Trebbia to blast the French positions. Two French battalions crept forward to deal with the threat, but they were discovered and driven off by the murderously effective fire of two masked cannons. Also during the morning, the French set up a battery of 10 to 12 guns and began to hammer Förster's positions. This was apparently to cover a shift to the south by a body of French troops.<ref name=Duffy103/> The delay also affected the Russian forces and Suvorov began issuing orders at 11:00 am. Meanwhile, MacDonald determined to launch an assault, putting his faith in the French soldier's enthusiasm for the attack and his troops' good morale. He still believed his army was outnumbered but he hoped to preempt an Allied assault. In the south Rusca and Victor were directed to attack side-by-side near Casaliggio, supported by an outflanking move by Dombrowski via Rivalta. Montrichard was ordered to cross the Trebbia near Gragnano in the center while Olivier was instructed to crack the Allied line farther north near San Nicolò. On the extreme right flank, Watrin and Salme were told to seize [[Calendasco]] and turn the Allied left flank.<ref name=Duffy106>Duffy (1999), pp. 106-107</ref>

[[File:Battle of Trebbia 1799 (3rd Day).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|alt=Black-and-white print is labeled ''Bataille de la Trebbia, Soir de la 3eme Journée'' (Battle of Trebbia, Evening of the Third Day). It shows wounded being gathered.|Battle of the Trebbia – Evening of the Third Day]]

Chasteler spotted Dombrowski's outflanking column and directed Bagration's troops against it. Dombrowski's division seized Rivalta and advanced up the Trebbia's west bank as far as the hamlet of Canetto before they ran into the Russians. Accompanied in person by Suvorov, the Russians defeated their mostly Polish opponents, who suffered serious losses. Suvorov's troops forced them to retreat to the east bank. Rusca's initial advance was blunted by the fire of 14 artillery pieces belonging to Schveikovsky's division. Farther north, Victor's division was repulsed by a combination of Schveikovsky's left wing and Förster's division and withdrew to the French-held east bank. But with Bagration's forces pulled to the south by Dombrowski's ill-fated attack, Rusca's men found a gap in the Allied line south of Casaliggio. The French infantry charged across the Trebbia while a horse artillery battery mauled the ''Rosenberg'' Grenadier Regiment. Suvorov appeared on the scene to rally his Russians.<ref name=Duffy106/> Rosenberg swung the left wing of Schveikovsky's division to face the northern edge of Rusca's breakthrough while Bagration hurried north to hit the southern edge. At the same time, Chasteler borrowed four battalions from Förster and brought them to the scene. The combined attack forced Rusca's division to retire to the east bank. The Russians tried to follow up their success but Rusca's men repelled their attacks and the fighting in the south ended around 7:00 pm.<ref name=Duffy108>Duffy (1999), pp. 108-109</ref>

[[File:Trebbia 01.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.6|alt=Photo shows a river bordered by an immense bed of white stones. There are mountains in the distance.|The Trebbia's river bed is filled with white stones.]]

The assault in the center was delayed because of the tardy arrival of Montrichard's division. Its 5th Light Infantry crossed the river and deployed into line but was hit by a devastating volley from an Austrian grenadier battalion. Montrichard's other units advanced in columns which were out of touch with each other. When Fröhlich's grenadiers and Förster's division counterattacked, Montrichard's division dissolved and its soldiers took to their heels. The grenadier battalion was swamped by fleeing Frenchmen, but it managed to keep its cohesion until some Russian infantry cut their way through to the rescue. Olivier's assault was preceded by a lightning cavalry charge around noon that swept the west bank clear of Austrians. The infantry crossed in the cavalry's wake and soon captured San Nicolò and two guns. Hearing cannon fire, Liechtenstein went forward to check on the situation and found a crowd of Austrian troops running away from Olivier's assault. He immediately went back to his command and led two squadrons each of the ''Lobkowitz'' and ''Levenehr'' Dragoons and one squadron of the ''Archduke Joseph'' Hussars against Olivier's south flank. Having disposed of Montrichard's division earlier, the Allies were free to mass against Olivier's division and eventually throw it back to the Trebbia's east bank. The ''Wouwermanns'' Grenadier Battalion recaptured two Austrian 12-pound cannons.<ref name=Duffy108/>

Around the same time that Olivier made his attack, Salme's Advanced Guard and Watrin's division, which had previously been in reserve, crossed the Trebbia on the far right flank. Moving in two bodies, the French force brushed aside the Austrian outpost line. The right thrust reached Ca' Pernici on the Po's south bank while the left thrust carried almost to Calendasco. Here Watrin paused because the noises from Olivier's fight were not encouraging. By this time, Melas had Olivier on the run and wished to attack across the Trebbia. Hearing of the Watrin-Salme incursion, the Austrian general was forced to deal with it first. Melas sent Liechtenstein with a task force composed of one squadron of the ''Lobkowitz'' Dragoons, two squadrons of the ''Archduke Joseph'' Hussars, 200 Cossacks and nine companies of infantry.<ref name=Duffy108/> Liechtenstein acted with selfless bravery – 4 horses were killed under him.{{Sfn|Orlov|1892|p=223}} Meanwhile, an artillery battery detached from the Mantua siege corps under the command of Colonel Kinsky unlimbered on the north bank of the Po. The Austrian guns proceeded to bombard their enemies, encouraging them in their decision to recross the Trebbia though the Austrians made prisoners of 300 French. The firing ended in the northern sector about 9:00 pm.<ref name=Duffy108/> The French maintained a firm grip on the west bank of the Trebbia, but MacDonald's division commanders were not able to give him any estimate of their remaining strength. In a scene of horror, thousands of dead and wounded soldiers littered the bed of the Trebbia while Piacenza's Austrian garrison blindly fired cannons into the night. Realizing that neither Moreau nor La Poype were coming to his assistance, MacDonald issued the orders to retreat at 10:00 pm. As soon as the engineers bridged the Nure River, the artillery and wagon train were sent across, followed by the infantry starting about midnight.<ref name=Duffy110/> On 19 June with 22,000 Suvorov beat 33,000 of MacDonald.{{Sfn|Orlov|1892|p=322}}

During all 3 days, the 70-year-old commander almost did not leave his horse, showed the most vigorous activity; at night he gave dispositions and other orders, and therefore was in dire need of rest—he could hardly keep on his feet; and, in spite of this, the Field Marshal cheerfully congratulated the assembled generals for the evening "of their third victory" and said: "Tomorrow we will give a fourth lesson to MacDonald". By 5 am orders were given to be ready for another attack.{{Sfn|Orlov|1892|p=224}}

===Nure River - 20 June===
[[File:Ponte dell'Olio ponte ferrovia.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|alt=Nure River|Old railway bridge over the Nure in [[Ponte dell'Olio]]]]

Suvorov determined to finish with the French so he ordered a new attack at 4:00 am on 20 June. When the Allied forces reached the west bank they found MacDonald's army gone. MacDonald abandoned 7,183 wounded men in Piacenza at the mercy of the allies; — as per Suvorov's earlier letter, 4,000.{{Efn|7,183 comes from Suvorov's report to [[Paul I of Russia|Paul]] (the only verifiable figures<ref name=Duffy110/>), but this is an incomplete number – as per many sources – and was apparently indicated before the Coalition forces fully captured all the French soldiers in Piacenza. In a letter to [[Archduke Charles]], Suvorov indicates 4,000 captured wounded — it was sent to him even earlier.<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Итальянский поход (1799) (Суворов) |year=1799 |first=Alexander |last=Suvorov |wslanguage=ru}}</ref>}} The French General of Division Alexis Aimé Pierre Cambray was mortally wounded during the battle and died 2 July,<ref>{{cite web |author=Broughton, Tony |year=2006 |title=Generals Who Served in the French Army during the Period 1789-1815: Cabannes de Puymisson to Cazals |url=http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/frenchgenerals/c_frenchgenerals7.html |access-date=30 November 2014 |publisher=The Napoleon Series}}</ref> General of Division Dombrowski of the Polish Legion was also wounded;{{Sfn|Skałkowski|1939–1946}} Allied commanders Lieutenant General Povalo-Schveikovsky and Major General Bagration were wounded as well.{{Sfn|Velichko|Novitsky|Schwartz|Apushkin|1915}}{{Sfn|Novitsky|Schwartz|Apushkin|Schoultz|1911}} The Austrians advanced into Piacenza where they found the wounded generals Olivier, Rusca and Salme along with the other non-transportable French wounded. Melas secured the town with Fröhlich's division while launching Ott to support the pursuit.<ref name=Duffy112>Duffy (1999), pp. 112-113</ref>

The chase was headed by the ''Karaczay'' Dragoons and one battery of horse artillery.<ref name=Duffy112/> They made excellent progress until were held up farther south at [[San Giorgio Piacentino]] behind the Nure River by a substantial French rearguard,<ref name=Duffy112/> which was headed by Victor.{{sfn|Orlov|1892|p=228}} This force comprised cavalry, some infantry, and a number of guns that were performed well; they repulsed the Austrian dragoons and 2 pieces of the horse artillery. Bagration then came up with the main body of the advance guard (under the command of Chubarov{{sfn|Orlov|1892|p=228}}) and Chasteler deployed it for a set-piece attack on San Giorgio. The jäger regiment of Bagration on the upper Nure to the right, the jäger regiment of Miller out to the left towards San Paolo, and the four battalions of grenadiers in four lines against San Giorgio in the center. Chasteler has scarcely issued the necessary orders when Suvorov appeared at the head of the Schveikovsky's and Förster's divisions (which had united at Gossolengo), and ordered the attack to proceed. Intense musketry by 17th Light Demi-Brigade, the old [[Auvergne Regiment]], held off the ''Bagration'' and ''Miller'' Jägers on the flanks but the combined grenadiers won a foothold in San Giorgio, and then with the help of the Russian main force they cleared the entire village. A total of 1,099 surviving French soldiers and officers surrendered along with four guns, two howitzers, and three colors. At this point any French resistance came to an end, the big four-day battle was over. The French retreated hastily. Following an unexpected fight on 20 June, Russian advance troops pursued the French almost all night long all the way to Castello di Montanaro. Over to the left the Austrian division of Ott advanced by way of San Lazzaro and Montale, but it encountered a whole French division deployed on the right bank of the Ponte Nure in front of Nure, and was held at bay until the French broke contact.<ref name=Duffy112/><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294791/page/n139/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |edition=1st |volume=3 |pages=126–127 |language=ru}}</ref> Suvorov doubled his energy, all day was on horseback and only with the onset of night stopped together with the [[Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich|Grand Duke Constantine]]. Suvorov, neglecting his military theory, came to the conviction that no more could be demanded and resolved to give the men a rest. MacDonald's intercepted letter to Moreau and Victor's repulsed correspondence convinced him that the damage done to the French was too great to be soon repaired. "MacDonald is more than defeated," he wrote to Kray.<ref name=":0" />

The battle at the Trebbia took place on the very places where, in 218 B.C., [[Hannibal]] had defeated the [[Roman Republic|Romans]]. Suvorov was very proud of this coincidence, talked about it with enthusiasm and turned to an Austrian general with a question, why Hannibal did not go from the Trebbia directly to [[Rome]]. The latter replied that there was probably also a [[Hofkriegsrat]] in [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]]. The joke must have pleased Suvorov, as [[Alexander Petrushevsky|Petrushevsky]] notes.<ref name=":0" />