Editing Batman Returns (section)

===Filming===
[[File:Batman Returns set.jpg|thumb|alt=Film set with a tall evergreen tree and many people|[[Gotham City]] Square set built inside Studio 16 at Warner Bros. Studios]]
[[Principal photography]] began on September 3, 1991.<ref name="NYTimesWalken"/><ref name="LATimesFilmingDate"/><ref name="LATimestartDate"/> Burton wanted to film in the United States with American actors because he believed that ''Batman'', which had been filmed in the United Kingdom, had "suffered from a British subtext."{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="AFICatalog"/><ref name="DOGBatmanRetro"/>{{sfn|White|1992|p=10}}<ref name="LATimesPremiere"/>}} The economics of filming ''Batman'' in the United Kingdom had also changed, making it more cost-effective to remain in the U.S.{{sfn|White|1992|p=10}} This meant abandoning the Pinewood Studios sets in favor of Burton's new design. ''Batman Returns'' was filmed entirely on up to eight soundstages at [[Warner Bros. Studios Burbank|Warner Bros. Studios, Burbank]], California, including Stage 16 (which housed the expansive Gotham Plaza set).{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="AFICatalog"/><ref name="DOGBatmanRetro"/>{{sfn|White|1992|p=10}}{{sfn|Resner|1992}}<ref name="LATimesPremiere"/>}} An additional soundstage, Stage 12 at the [[Universal Studios Lot]], was used for the Penguin's Arctic-exhibit lair.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="AFICatalog"/><ref name="DOGBatmanRetro"/>{{sfn|White|1992|p=10}}<ref name="LATimesPremiere"/> }}

Some sets were kept very cold for the live [[Emperor penguin|Emperor]], [[African penguin|black-footed]], and [[King penguin|King]] penguins.<ref name="THRReturnsat25"/><ref name="AFICatalog"/><ref name="TCM"/> The birds were flown in on a refrigerated airplane for filming, and had a chilled waiting area containing a swimming pool stocked with half a ton of ice daily and fresh fish.<ref name="THRReturnsat25"/><ref name="TCM"/> DeVito said that he generally liked being on set but disliked the cold conditions, and was the only person somewhat comfortable because of his costume's heavy padding.<ref name="THRReturnsat25"/> To create the penguin army, the live penguins were supplemented with puppets, forty Emperor-penguin suits worn by little people, and [[Computer-generated imagery]] (CGI).<ref name="THRReturnsat25"/><ref name="AFICatalog"/> [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]] (PETA) protested the use of real penguins, objecting to the birds being moved from their natural environment. Although the organization had reportedly said that the penguins were not mistreated during filming, it later complained that the birds did not get fresh drinking water{{snd}}just a small, chlorinated pool.<ref name="AFICatalog"/><ref name="Peta"/> PETA also objected to the penguins being fitted with appliances representing weapons and gadgets, which Warner Bros. said were lightweight plastic.<ref name="PetaCSM"/> Burton said that he did not like using real animals because he had an affinity for them, and ensured that the penguins were treated with care.{{sfn|Salisbury|Burton|2006|p=111}}

Walken described the filming as very collaborative, recalling that his suggestion to add a blueprint for Shreck's power plant resulted in a model being built within a few hours.<ref name="THRReturnsat25"/> The scene of Catwoman putting a live bird in her mouth was performed live, with no CGI enhancements. Pfeiffer said that, in retrospect, she would not have done the stunt as she had not considered the risks of injury or disease involved.<ref name="THRReturnsat25"/> For a scene in the sewers, monkey handlers positioned above and below managed the organ grinder monkey as it descended a set of stairs with a note for Penguin. When it saw DeVito in full costume and makeup, it leapt at his testicles. DeVito said, "The monkey looked at me, froze, and then leapt right at my balls{{nbsp}}...Thank god it was a padded costume."<ref name="DeVitoMonkey"/> A scene of Shreck's superstore exploding caused minor injuries to four stuntmen.<ref name="AFICatalog"/> Principal photography ended on February 20, 1992, after 170 days.<ref name="AFICatalog"/>