Editing Baikonur Cosmodrome (section)

== Features ==
Baikonur is fully equipped with facilities for launching both [[human spaceflight|crewed]] and uncrewed [[spacecraft]]. It has supported several generations of [[Russia]]n spacecraft: [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz]], [[Proton (rocket)|Proton]], [[Tsyklon]], [[Dnepr (rocket)|Dnepr]], [[Zenit (rocket family)|Zenit]] and [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]].

Downrange from the launchpad, [[expendable launch vehicle|spent launch equipment]] is dropped directly on the ground in the Russian far east where it is salvaged by the workers and the local population.<ref>[http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_downrange.html Baikonur Downrange] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113233627/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_downrange.html |date=13 January 2018 }}, Russianspaceweb.com</ref>

===List of launchpads===
{{Location map many
| Kazakhstan Baikonur Cosmodrome
| caption = Major launchpads at Baikonur Cosmodrome|alt=Map of launchpads at Baikonur
| places  =
| label1  = [[Gagarin's Start|1/5]]                |coordinates1={{coord|45.920|63.342}}| position1=bottom
| label2  = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31|31/6]]   |coordinates2={{coord|45.996|63.564}}| position2=top
| label3  = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41|41]]   |coordinates3={{coord|45.975|63.660}}| position3=top
| label4  = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45|45]]   |coordinates4={{coord|45.943|63.653}}| position4=bottom
| label5  = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110|110]]|coordinates5={{coord|45.965|63.305}}| position5=left
| label6  = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81|81]]  |coordinates6={{coord|46.074|62.978}}
| label7  = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 109|109]]|coordinates7={{coord|45.951|63.497}}| position7=bottom
| label8  = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200|200]]|coordinates8={{coord|46.040|63.032}}| position8=bottom
| label9  = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 90|90]]  |coordinates9={{coord|46.080|62.935}}| position9=bottom
| label10 = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250|250]]   |coordinates10={{coord|46.008|63.305}}
}}
* [[Gagarin's Start|Pad 1/5 (Gagarin's Start)]] (1957–2019):  [[R-7 Semyorka|R-7]], [[Vostok (rocket family)|Vostok]], [[Voskhod (rocket)|Voskhod]], [[Molniya (rocket)|Molniya]], [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz]] – {{coord|45.920|N|63.342|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31|Pad 31/6]]: [[R-7A Semyorka|R-7A]], Vostok, Voskhod, Molniya, Soyuz, [[Soyuz-2]] – {{coord|45.996|N|63.564|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41|Pad 41/3]]: [[R-16 (missile)|R-16]] (Destroyed in 1960 explosion) – {{coord|45.975|N|63.660|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41|Pad 41/4]] : R-16 (1961–67) – {{coord|45.976|N|63.665|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41|Pad 41/15]]: R-16, [[Kosmos-3M|Kosmos 3]] (1963–68) – {{coord|45.976|N|63.669|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45|Pad 45/1]]: [[Zenit-2]], [[Zenit-2M]], [[Zenit-3SLB|Zenit-3M]] – {{coord|45.943|N|63.653|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45|Pad 45/2]] (Destroyed in 1990 explosion): Zenit 2 – {{coord|45.940|N|63.655|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 51: [[R-9 Desna|R-9]] (1961–62) – {{coord|45.924|N|63.341|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 60/6: R-16 (1963–66)  – {{coord|46.019|N|64.016|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 60/7: R-16 (1963–67)  – {{coord|46.018|N|64.018|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 60/8: R-16 (1962–66)  – {{coord|46.017|N|64.018|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 67/21: [[Tsyklon]], [[R-36 (missile)|R-36M]], R-36O, [[MR-UR-100 Sotka]] (1963–72) – {{coord|45.989|N|63.705|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 67/22: Tsyklon, R-36, R-36O (1964–66)  – {{coord|45.990|N|63.707|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 69: [[Tsyklon-2]]
* Pad 70 (Destroyed in 1963 explosion): R-9 – {{coord|46.033|N|63.096|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 75: R-9 – {{coord|45.963|N|63.202|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 80/17: Tsyklon (1965)  – {{coord|46.007|N|64.020|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81|Pad 81/23 (81L)]] (inactive >2004): [[Proton-K]] – {{coord|46.074|N|62.978|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81|Pad 81/24 (81P)]]: Proton-K, [[Proton-M]] – {{coord|46.071|N|62.985|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 90|Pad 90/19 (90L)]] (inactive >1997): [[UR-200]], [[Tsyklon-2]] – {{coord|46.081|N|62.932|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 90|Pad 90/20 (90R)]] (inactive >2006): UR-200, Tsyklon-2 – {{coord|46.080|N|62.935|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 101: R-36M (1973–76)  – {{coord|45.951|N|63.427|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 102: R-36M (1978)  – {{coord|45.933|N|63.435|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 103: R-36M (1973–77)  – {{coord|45.952|N|63.445|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 104: R-36M (1972–74)  – {{coord|45.988|N|63.420|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 105: R-36M (1974–77)  – {{coord|45.950|N|63.496|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 106: R-36M (1974–83)  – {{coord|45.951|N|63.497|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 107: R-36  – {{coord|46.237|N|63.892|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 108: R-36  – {{coord|46.239|N|63.895|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 109|Pad 109/95]]: [[R-36 (missile)|R-36M]], [[Dnepr (rocket)|Dnepr]] – {{coord|45.951|N|63.497|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110|Pad 110/37 (110L)]] (inactive >1988): [[N1 (rocket)|N-1]], [[Energia (rocket)|Energia]]-[[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]] – {{coord|45.965|N|63.305|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110|Pad 110/38 (110R)]] (inactive >1969): N-1 – {{coord|45.962|N|63.310|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 130: [[UR-100]] (1965) – {{coord|46.086|N|62.916|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 131: UR-100N, UR-100, Rokot (1965–90)  – {{coord|46.072|N|62.956|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 132: UR-100NU (2001–02)  – {{coord|46.037|N|63.048|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 140/18: R-36 (1965–78)  – {{coord|45.997|N|63.553|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 141: R-36  – {{coord|45.910|N|63.349|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 142/34: R-36 (three silo complex)  – {{coord|45.941|N|63.462|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 160: R-36O  – {{coord|46.078|N|62.942|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 161/35: Tsyklon (1967–73)  – {{coord|46.034|N|63.063|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 162/36: Tsyklon (1966–75)  – {{coord|46.032|N|63.067|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 163: R-36O  – {{coord|46.014|N| 63.169|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 164: R-36O  – {{coord|45.944|N| 63.064|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 165: R-36O  – {{coord|45.991|N| 62.919|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 170: UR-MR-100 (1976–79)  – {{coord|45.948|N|63.026|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 171: UR-100, UR-100N  – {{coord|46.104|N|63.008|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 172: UR-MR-100 (1978–81)  – {{coord|46.065|N|63.092|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 173: UR-MR-100 (1972–78)  – {{coord|46.029|N|63.131|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 174: UR-100, UR-100K  – {{coord|46.082|N|62.918|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 175/2: UR-100NU, [[Rokot]], [[Strela (rocket)|Strela]] – {{coord|46.051|N|62.987|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 175/59: Rokot, Strela  – {{coord|46.052|N|62.986|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 176: UR-100  – {{coord|46.023|N| 63.046|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 177: UR-MR-100, UR-MR-100U (1973–78)  – {{coord|45.980|N|63.100|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 178: UR-100  – {{coord|46.025|N|62.891|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 179: UR-100  – {{coord|45.989|N|62.964|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 181: UR-MR-100U (1978–79)  – {{coord|46.057|N|63.032|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 191/66: R-36O (1969–71)  – {{coord|45.970|N|63.197|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 192: R-36O  – {{coord|46.024|N|63.300|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 193: R-36O  – {{coord|45.953|N| 63.389|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 194: R-36O  – {{coord|45.865|N| 63.286|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 195: R-36O  – {{coord|45.793|N| 63.275|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 196: R-36O  – {{coord|45.828|N| 63.147|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200|Pad 200/39]] (200L): Proton-M/Proton-K – {{coord|46.040|N|63.032|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200|Pad 200/40]] (200R): Proton-K (inactive >1991) – {{coord|46.036|N|63.038|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 241: R-36O  – {{coord|45.858|N| 63.456|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 242: R-36O  – {{coord|45.945|N| 63.481|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 243: R-36O  – {{coord|45.855|N| 63.737|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 244: R-36O  – {{coord|45.840|N| 63.634|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 245: R-36O  – {{coord|45.818|N| 63.527|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 246: R-36O  – {{coord|45.766|N| 63.423|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250|Pad 250]] (inactive >1987): [[Energia (corporation)|Energia]] – {{coord|46.008|N|63.305|E|type:landmark}}

===Buran facilities===
{{main|Buran programme}}
As part of the [[Buran programme]], several facilities were adapted or newly built for the Buran-class space shuttle orbiters:

* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110|Site 110]] – Used for the launch of the Buran-class orbiters. Like the assembly and processing hall at Site 112, the launch complex was originally constructed for the [[Soviet crewed lunar programs|Soviet lunar landing program]] and later converted for the Energia-Buran program.
* Site 112 – Used for orbiter maintenance and to mate the orbiters to their [[Energia (rocket)|Energia]] launchers (thus fulfilling a role similar to the [[Vehicle Assembly Building|VAB]] at [[Kennedy Space Center|KSC]]). The main hangar at the site, called MIK RN or MIK 112, was originally built for the assembly of the [[N1 (rocket)|N1 Moon rocket]]. After cancellation of the N-1 program in 1974, the facilities at Site 112 were converted for the Energia-Buran program. It was here that [[1.01 (Buran-class spacecraft)|orbiter 1K]] was stored after the end of the Buran program and was destroyed when the hangar roof collapsed in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_112.html|title=Energia-Buran processing complex at Site 112 and 112A|access-date=2 August 2016|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706112853/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_112.html|archive-date=6 July 2015|df=dmy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buran-energia.com/bourane-buran/bourane-fin.php|title=Buran The end|access-date=2 August 2016|archive-date=5 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905191348/http://www.buran-energia.com/bourane-buran/bourane-fin.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Site 251 – Used as Buran orbiter landing facility, also known as Yubileyniy Airfield (and fulfilling a role similar to the [[Shuttle Landing Facility|SLF]] at [[Kennedy Space Center|KSC]]). It features one runway, called 06/24, which is {{convert|4500|m}} long and {{convert|84|m}} wide, paved with "Grade 600" high quality reinforced concrete. At the edge of the runway were two special [[Mate-Demate Device|mate–demate devices]]; PUA-100 was designed to lift Buran orbiters and complete Energia stages onto the [[Antonov An-225 Mriya]] carrier aircraft and the smaller PKU-50 was used with the [[Myasishchev VM-T|Myasishchev VM-T Atlant]] and incomplete orbiters or segments of the Energia core stage. After arrival on one of the transport aircraft, an orbiter was loaded onto a transporter, which would carry the orbiter to the processing building at Site 254.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hendrickx |first1=Bart |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/153582339 |title=Energiya-Buran: the Soviet space shuttle |last2=Vis |first2=Bert |date=2007 |publisher=Springer; Published in association with Praxis Pub |isbn=978-0-387-69848-9 |series=Springer-Praxis books in space exploration |location=Berlin; New York; Chichester, UK |oclc=153582339}}</ref> A purpose-built orbiter landing control facility, housed in a large multi-store office building, was located near the runway. Yubileyniy Airfield was also used to receive heavy transport planes carrying elements of the Energia-Buran system. After the end of the Buran program, Site 251 was abandoned but later reopened as a commercial cargo airport. Besides serving Baikonur, Kazakh authorities also use it for passenger and charter flights from Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_251.html|title=Buran landing facility at Site 251 in Baikonur|access-date=2 August 2016|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225010245/http://russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_251.html|archive-date=25 February 2015|df=dmy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ourairports.com/airports/UAON/pilot-info.html|title=UAON pilot info @ OurAirports|access-date=2 August 2016|archive-date=18 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318230945/http://ourairports.com/airports/UAON/pilot-info.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Site 254 – Built to service the Buran-class orbiters between flights (thus fulfilling a role similar to the [[Orbiter Processing Facility|OPF]] at [[Kennedy Space Center|KSC]]). Constructed in the 1980s as a special four-bay building, it also featured a large processing area flanked by several floors of test rooms. After cancellation of the Buran program it was adapted for pre-launch operations of the [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]] and [[Progress (spacecraft)|Progress]] spacecraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_254.html|title=Buran processing facility at Site 254 in Baikonur |access-date=2 August 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809030907/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_254.html|archive-date=9 August 2015|df=dmy}}</ref>

===Intra-site railway===
[[File:Soyuz TMA-16 launch vehicle being transported to pad.jpg|thumb|A Soyuz TMA-16 launch vehicle being transported to launchpad at Baikonur in 2009.]]

All Baikonur's [[logistics]] are based on its own intra-site {{track gauge|1520mm|lk=on}} [[track gauge|gauge]] [[railway]] network, which is the largest [[industrial railway]] on the planet. The railway is used for all stages of launch preparation, and all spacecraft are transported to the launchpads by the special [[Schnabel car]]s. Once part of the [[Russian Railway Troops|Soviet Railroad Troops]], the Baikonur Railway is now served by a dedicated civilian state company. There are several rail links connecting the Baikonur Railway to [[Kazakhstan Temir Joly|the public railway of Kazakhstan]] and the rest of the world.

===On-site airports===
The Baikonur Cosmodrome has two on-site multi-purpose [[airport]]s, serving both the personnel transportation needs and the logistics of space launches (including the delivery of the spacecraft by planes). There are scheduled passenger services from [[Moscow]] to the smaller [[Krayniy Airport]] {{airport codes|BXY|UAOL}}, which however are not accessible to the public. The larger [[Yubileyniy Airport]] (Юбилейный аэропорт) {{airport codes|UAON}} was where the [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran orbiter]] was transported to Baikonur on the back of the [[Antonov An-225 Mriya|Antonov An-225 ''Mriya'']] cargo aircraft.