Editing Baguio (section)

===World War II===
{{main|Battle of Baguio (1945)}}
[[File:Session_Road_Ruins.jpg|thumb|An office building along [[Session Road]] destroyed by artillery fire during the [[Battle of Baguio (1945)|Battle of Baguio]]. The building had been demolished in 2021 to pave way for a new building.]]

Prior to [[World War II]], Baguio was the summer capital of the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]], and the home of the [[Philippine Military Academy]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sakakida |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MAMu80z3wvkC&pg=PA165 |title=A Spy in Their Midst: The World War II Struggle of a Japanese-American Hero |last2=Kiyosaki |first2=Wayne S. |date=July 3, 1995 |publisher=Madison Books |isbn=978-1-4616-6286-0 |page=165 |author-link=Richard Sakakida}}</ref>  As such, it was very important in military and political terms. Philippine President [[Manuel Quezon]] was even in Baguio when the war began.

On December 8, 1941, 17 Japanese bombers attacked [[Camp John Hay]],<ref name="People2">{{Cite book |last1=Bagamaspad |first1=Anavic |title=A People's History of Benguet |last2=Hamada-Pawid |first2=Zenaida |date=1985 |publisher=Baguio Printing & Publishing Company, Inc. |pages=290–302}}</ref>{{rp|291}}as part of the first Japanese air raid on Luzon.<ref name="WW2Bolido">{{Cite news |last=Bolido |first=Linda B. |date=May 25, 2015 |title=Baguio–where WWII began and ended |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/693483/baguio-where-wwii-began-and-ended}}</ref> Baguio was declared an [[open city]] in December 27.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Uayan |first=Jean Uy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XLnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT136 |title=A Study of the Emergence and Early Development of Selected Protestant Chinese Churches in the Philippines |date=June 30, 2017 |publisher=Langham Publishing |isbn=9781783682829 |access-date=September 14, 2022}}</ref>

Following the [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)|Japanese invasion of the Philippines]] in 1941, the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] used [[Camp John Hay]], an American installation in Baguio, as a military base.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Flowers, new song for 72nd year of Baguio war bombings |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/543421/flowers-new-song-for-72nd-year-of-baguio-war-bombings |access-date=August 28, 2016}}</ref> The nearby [[Philippine Constabulary]] base, [[Camp Holmes Internment Camp|Camp Holmes]], was used as an [[internment camp]] for about 500 civilian enemy aliens, mostly Americans, between April 1942 and December 1944.<ref name="Morton-2018">{{Cite book |last=Morton |first=Gillian |url=https://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:621061/datastream/PDF/view |title=Surviving and Striving for Normalcy: The Endurance of the Americans of Baguio Interned by the Japanese in the Philippines During World War II |date=2018 |publisher=Florida State University Libraries |pages=22–23 |access-date=September 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220916094618/https://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:621061/datastream/PDF/view |archive-date=September 16, 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>''Forbidden Diary: A Record of Wartime Internment, 1941–1945'' by Natalie Crouter (Burt Franlin & Co. 1980)<!-- ISSN/ISBN, page(s) needed --></ref>

[[File:Surrender_of_Japanese_Forces_in_the_Philippines_1945.jpg|thumb|General Yamashita (center, on the near side of the table) at the surrender ceremony at [[Camp John Hay]] on September 3, 1945.]]

President [[Jose P. Laurel|José P. Laurel]] of the [[Second Philippine Republic]], a [[puppet state]] established in 1943, departed the city on March 22 and reached [[Taiwan]] eight days later, on March 30.<ref name="SMCOrg">{{Cite web |last=Jose |first=Ricardo T. |title=Government in Exile |url=http://www.smc.org.ph/administrator/uploads/apmj_pdf/APMJ1999N1-2ART8.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010081702/http://www.smc.org.ph/administrator/uploads/apmj_pdf/APMJ1999N1-2ART8.pdf |archive-date=October 10, 2014 |access-date=September 24, 2014 |website=Scalabrini Migration Center}}</ref> The remainder of the Second Republic government, along with Japanese civilians, were ordered to evacuate Baguio on March 30. General [[Tomoyuki Yamashita]] and his staff then relocated to [[Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya]].<ref name="Zeiler2">{{Cite book |last=Zeiler |first=Thomas W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2gst1FpsWZQC&pg=PA134 |title=Unconditional Defeat: Japan, America, and the End of World War II |date=2004 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8420-2991-9 |page=134}}</ref>

By late March 1945, Baguio was within range of the American and Filipino military [[Field artillery|artillery]].<ref name="SMCOrg" /> Between March 4 and 10, United States [[Fifth Air Force]] planes dropped 933 tons of bombs and 1,185 gallons of [[napalm]] on Baguio, reducing much of the city to rubble.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Angel Velasco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ |title=Vestiges of War: The Philippine-American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream 1899-1999 |last2=Francia |first2=Luis H. |date=December 2002 |publisher=[[NYU Press]] |isbn=978-0-8147-9791-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 219] |language=en}}</ref> A major offensive to capture Baguio did not occur until April 1945, when the [[United States Army Forces in the Philippines – Northern Luzon|USAFIP-NL]]'s 1st Battalion of the 66th Infantry, attached with the United States Army's [[37th Infantry Division (United States)|37th Infantry Division]], the USAFIP-NL's 2nd Battalion of 66th Infantry, attached with the US [[33rd Infantry Division (United States)|33rd Infantry Division]], and the USAFIP-NL's 3rd Battalion of the 66th Infantry, converged on Baguio. By April 27, 1945, the city was liberated and the joint force proceeded to liberate the La Trinidad valley.<ref name="People2" />

In September 1945, the Japanese forces in the Philippines, headed by General Yamashita and Vice Admiral Okochi, formally surrendered at [[John Hay Air Station#The American Residence|Camp John Hay's American Residence]] in the presence of [[lieutenant general]]s [[Arthur Percival]] and [[Jonathan M. Wainwright (general)|Jonathan Wainwright]].<ref name="multiref2">{{cite book|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/index.htm#contents|title=Reports of General MacArthur: The Campaign of MacArthur in the Pacific, Volume I|author=General Staff of General of the Army [[Douglas MacArthur]]|date=1966|publisher=United States Army|isbn=978-1-78266-035-4|page=464|chapter=Chapter XIV: Japan's Surrender|access-date=September 25, 2014|chapter-url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/ch14.htm|archive-date=February 12, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212181053/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/index.htm#contents|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web |title=The American Residence in Baguio |url=http://manila.usembassy.gov/about-us/american-residence-in-baguio.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903065401/http://manila.usembassy.gov/about-us/american-residence-in-baguio.html |archive-date=September 3, 2014 |access-date=September 25, 2014 |website=Embassy of the United States, Manila, Philippines |publisher=United States Department of State}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQWJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA163|title=A Great Betrayal: The Fall of Singapore Revisited|last1=Farrell|first1=Brian|last2=Hunter|first2=Sandy|date=December 15, 2009|publisher=Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd|isbn=9789814435468|page=163}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TO2mx314ST0C&pg=PA1727|title=Almanac of American Military History, Volume 1|last=Tucker|first=Spencer|date=November 21, 2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-530-3|page=1727}}</ref>