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===Triangular trade=== {{Main|Triangular trade}} The first side of the triangle was the export of goods from Europe to Africa. A number of African kings and merchants took part in the trading of enslaved people from 1440 to about 1833. For each captive, the African rulers would receive a variety of goods from Europe. These included guns, ammunition, alcohol, [[Indigo dye#History|indigo dyed]] Indian textiles, and other factory-made goods.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2013 |title=Indian cotton textiles in the eighteenth-century Atlantic economy |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2013/06/27/indian-cotton-textiles-in-the-eighteenth-century-atlantic-economy/ |access-date=9 September 2020 |website=South Asia@LSE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225223959/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2013/06/27/indian-cotton-textiles-in-the-eighteenth-century-atlantic-economy/ |archive-date=25 February 2024}}</ref> The second leg of the triangle exported enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas and the Caribbean Islands. The third and final part of the triangle was the return of goods to Europe from the Americas. The goods were the products of [[slave plantation]]s and included cotton, sugar, tobacco, [[molasses]] and rum.<ref name=Inikori>{{cite book |title=The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe |first1=Joseph E. |last1=Inikori |first2=Stanley L. |last2=Engerman}}</ref> Sir [[John Hawkins (naval commander)|John Hawkins]], considered the pioneer of the English slave trade, was the first to run the triangular trade, making a profit at every stop.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who was John Hawkins? |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/john-hawkins-admiral-privateer-slave-trader |website=[[Royal Museums Greenwich]] |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507144456/https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/john-hawkins-admiral-privateer-slave-trader |archive-date=7 May 2024}}</ref>
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