Editing Artiodactyl (section)

===Inner systematics===
Molecular findings and morphological indications suggest that artiodactyls, as traditionally defined, are paraphyletic with respect to cetaceans. Cetaceans are deeply nested within the former; the two groups together form a [[monophyletic]] taxon, for which the name Cetartiodactyla is sometimes used. Modern nomenclature divides Artiodactyla (or Cetartiodactyla) in four subordinate taxa: camelids (Tylopoda), pigs and peccaries (Suina), ruminants (Ruminantia), and hippos plus cetaceans (Whippomorpha).

The presumed lineages within Artiodactyla can be represented in the following [[cladogram]]:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beck |first=N.R. |year=2006 |title=A higher-level MRP supertree of placental mammals |journal=BMC Evol Biol |volume=6 |pages=93 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-6-93 |pmc=1654192 |pmid=17101039 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="O'Leary2013">{{Cite journal |last1=O'Leary |first1=M.A. |last2=Bloch |first2=J.I. |last3=Flynn |first3=J.J. |last4=Gaudin |first4=T.J. |last5=Giallombardo |first5=A. |last6=Giannini |first6=N.P. |last7=Goldberg |first7=S.L. |last8=Kraatz |first8=B.P. |last9=Luo |first9=Z.-X. |last10=Meng |first10=J. |last11=Ni |first11=X. |last12=Novacek |first12=M.J. |last13=Perini |first13=F.A. |last14=Randall |first14=Z.S. |last15=Rougier |first15=G.W. |year=2013 |title=The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post-K-Pg Radiation of Placentals |journal=Science |volume=339 |issue=6120 |pages=662–667 |bibcode=2013Sci...339..662O |doi=10.1126/science.1229237 |pmid=23393258 |hdl-access=free |last16=Sargis |first16=E.J. |last17=Silcox |first17=M.T. |last18=Simmons |first18=N.B. |last19=Spaulding |first19=M. |last20=Velazco |first20=P.M. |last21=Weksler |first21=M. |last22=Wible |first22=J.R. |last23=Cirranello |first23=A.L. |s2cid=206544776 |hdl=11336/7302}}</ref><ref name="Song2012">{{Cite journal |last1=Song |first1=S. |last2=Liu |first2=L. |last3=Edwards |first3=S.V. |last4=Wu |first4=S. |year=2012 |title=Resolving conflict in eutherian mammal phylogeny using phylogenomics and the multispecies coalescent model |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=109 |issue=37 |pages=14942–14947 |bibcode=2012PNAS..10914942S |doi=10.1073/pnas.1211733109 |pmc=3443116 |pmid=22930817 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="dos Reis2012">{{Cite journal |last1=dos Reis |first1=M. |last2=Inoue |first2=J. |last3=Hasegawa |first3=M. |last4=Asher |first4=R.J. |last5=Donoghue |first5=P.C.J. |last6=Yang |first6=Z. |year=2012 |title=Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=279 |issue=1742 |pages=3491–3500 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2012.0683 |pmc=3396900 |pmid=22628470 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Upham2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Upham |first1=N.S. |last2=Esselstyn |first2=J.A. |last3=Jetz |first3=W. |year=2019 |title=Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution, and conservation |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=17 |issue=12 |pages=e3000494 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494 |pmc=6892540 |pmid=31800571 |doi-access=free}}(see e.g. Fig S10)</ref>

{{clade
    |style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%
    |label1='''Artiodactyla'''
    |1={{clade
        |1=[[Tylopoda]] (camels) [[File:Cladogram of Cetacea within Artiodactyla (Camelus bactrianus).png|50 px]]
        |label2=[[Artiofabula]]
        |2={{clade
            |1=[[Suina]] (pigs) [[File:Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des mammifères (Pl. 80) (white background).jpg|50 px]]
            |label2=[[Cetruminantia]]
            |2={{clade
                |label1=[[Ruminantia]] (ruminants)
                |1={{clade
                    |1=[[Tragulidae]] (mouse deer) [[File:Tragulus napu - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg|50 px]]
                    |2=[[Pecora]] (horn bearers) [[File:Walia ibex illustration white background.png|50 px]]
              }}
                |label2=[[Cetancodonta]]
                |sublabel2=(or [[Whippomorpha]])
                |2={{clade
                    |1=[[Hippopotamidae]] (hippopotamuses) [[File:Voyage en Abyssinie Plate 2 (white background).jpg|50 px]]
                    |2=[[Cetacea]] (whales) [[File:Bowhead-Whale1 (16273933365).jpg|50 px]]
              }}
          }}
       }}
    }}
 }}
[[File:Camelus dromedarius in Singapore Zoo.JPG|thumb|[[Camel]]s are now considered a sister group of [[Artiofabula]].|alt=A camel chillaxing.]]
[[File:Antilocapra americana.jpg|thumb|The [[pronghorn]] is the only extant antilocaprid.|alt=A pronghorn]]

The four summarized Artiodactyla taxa are divided into ten extant families:<ref>{{Cite book |title=Mammal Species of the World |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0 |editor-last=Wilson, D. E. |edition=3rd |pages=111–184 |editor-last2=Reeder, D. M.}}</ref>
* The camelids ([[Tylopoda]]) comprise only one family, [[Camelidae]]. It is a species-poor artiodactyl suborder of North American origin<ref name="Cui2007">{{Cite journal |last1=Cui |first1=P. |last2=Ji |first2=R. |last3=Ding |first3=F. |last4=Qi |first4=D. |last5=Gao |first5=H. |last6=Meng |first6=H. |last7=Yu |first7=J. |last8=Hu |first8=S. |last9=Zhang |first9=H. |year=2007 |title=A complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the wild two-humped camel (''Camelus bactrianus ferus''): an evolutionary history of Camelidae |journal=BMC Genomics |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=241 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-8-241 |pmc=1939714 |pmid=17640355 |doi-access=free }}</ref> that is well adapted to extreme habitats—the [[dromedary]] and [[Bactrian camel|Bactrian]] camels in the Old World deserts and the [[guanaco]]s, llamas, [[vicuña]]s, and [[alpaca]]s in South American high mountain regions.
* The pig-like creatures ([[Suina]]) are made up of two families:
** The pigs ([[Suidae]]) are limited to the Old World. These include the [[wild boar]] and the domesticated form, the [[domestic pig]].
** The peccaries ([[Tayassuidae]]) are named after glands on their belly and are indigenous to Central and South America.
* The ruminants ([[Ruminantia]]) consist of six families:
** The mouse deer ([[Tragulidae]]) are the smallest and most primitive even-toed-ruminants; they inhabit forests of Africa and Asia.
** The giraffe-like creatures ([[Giraffidae]]) are composed of two species: the giraffe and the [[okapi]].
** The musk deer ([[Moschidae]]) is indigenous to East Asia.
** The antilocaprids ([[Antilocapridae]]) of North America comprise only one extant species: the [[pronghorn]].
** The deer ([[Cervidae]]) are made up of about 45 species, which are characterized by a pair of [[antler]]s (generally only in males). They are spread across Europe, Asia, and the Americas. This group includes, among other species, the [[red deer]], [[moose]], [[elk]] (wapiti), and [[reindeer]] (caribou).
** The bovids ([[Bovidae]]) are the most species-rich. Among them are [[Bos|cattle]], [[Ovis|sheep]], [[Caprinae|caprine]]s, and [[antelope]]s, and more.
* The [[Whippomorpha|whippomorphs]] include hippos and cetaceans:
** The hippos ([[Hippopotamidae]]) comprise two groups, the [[common hippo]] and the [[pygmy hippo]].
** The [[cetacea]]ns comprise 72 species and two parvorders: toothed whales ([[Odontoceti]]) and baleen whales ([[Mysticeti]])

Although deer, musk deer, and pronghorns have traditionally been summarized as cervids (Cervioidea), molecular studies provide different—and inconsistent—results, so the question of phylogenetic systematics of infraorder [[Pecora]] (the horned ruminants) for the time being, cannot be answered.

[[File:Indohyus BW.jpg|thumb|Reconstruction of ''[[Indohyus]]''|alt=Illustration of an Indohyus, a mouse-like mammal]]