Editing Arkhangelsk (section)

===Founding and further development===
[[File:Newdvina.jpg|thumb|Plan of New Dvina Fort in Arkhangelsk]]
In 1584, Ivan ordered the founding of '''New Kholmogory''' (which would later be renamed after the nearby Archangel Michael Monastery). At the time access to the [[Baltic Sea]] was still mostly controlled by Sweden, so while Arkhangelsk was icebound in winter, it remained Moscow's almost sole link to the sea-trade. Local inhabitants, called [[Pomors]], were the first to explore trade routes to Northern [[Siberia]] as far as the trans-[[Ural Mountains|Urals]] city of [[Mangazeya]] and beyond. In December 1613, during the [[Time of Troubles]], Arkhangelsk was besieged by Polish-Lithuanian marauders commanded by Stanislaw Jasinski ([[Lisowczyks]]), who failed to capture the fortified town. In 1619, and again in 1637, fires broke out, and the entire city burned down.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

In 1693, [[Peter the Great]] ordered the creation of a state [[shipyard]] in Arkhangelsk. A year later the ships ''Svyatoye Prorochestvo'' (Holy Prophecy), ''Apostol Pavel'' (Apostle Paul), and the yacht ''Svyatoy Pyotr'' (Saint Peter) were sailing in the White Sea. However, he also realized that Arkhangelsk would always be limited as a port due to the five months of ice cover, and after a [[Great Northern War|successful campaign]] against Swedish armies in the Baltic area, he founded [[Saint Petersburg]] in May 1703. Nonetheless, Arkhangelsk continued to be an important naval base and maritime centre in the Russian north.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hill |first=Alexander |year=2007 |title=Russian and Soviet Naval Power and the Arctic from the XVI Century to the Beginning of the Great Patriotic War |journal=The Journal of Slavic Military Studies |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=359–392 |doi=10.1080/13518040701532958 |s2cid=145005700}}</ref> 
[[File:Archangel Michael and City of Archangel.jpg|thumb|[[Icon]] of [[Michael (archangel)|Archangel Michael]], shown as [[Patron saint|protector]] of Arkhangelsk]]

In 1722, Peter the Great decreed that Arkhangelsk should no longer accept goods that amounted to more than was sufficient for the town (for so-called domestic consumption). It was due to the Tsar's will to shift all international marine trade to Saint Petersburg. This factor greatly contributed to the deterioration of Arkhangelsk that continued up to 1762 when this decree was cancelled.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

Arkhangelsk declined in the 18th century as the Baltic trade became ever more important. Its economy revived at the end of the 19th century when a railway to Moscow was completed and [[lumber|timber]] became a major export. The city resisted [[Bolshevik]] rule from 1918 to 1920 and was a stronghold of the anti-Bolshevik [[White movement|White Army]]. The White Army was supported by an [[North Russia intervention|Allied intervention]] in which British, French, Italian, and [[Polar Bear Expedition|American troops]] helped to defend against the Bolsheviks. The Allied forces, led by British Lieutenant General [[Frederick Poole]], suffered numerous set-backs and eventually withdrew from Russia. Without Allied support, the poorly disciplined White Army quickly collapsed and the Bolsheviks entered Arkhangelsk on February 21, 1920.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://info.detnews.com/history/story/index.cfm?id=178&category=life |title=Detroit's Polar Bears and their confusing war |access-date=July 12, 2007 |newspaper=The Detroit News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709074435/http://info.detnews.com/history/story/index.cfm?id=178&category=life |archive-date=July 9, 2012}}</ref> Arkhangelsk was also the scene of the Mudyug concentration camp.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ash |first=Lucy |date=October 18, 2017 |title='Death Island': Britain's 'concentration camp' in Russia |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-41271418 |access-date=July 17, 2024 |work=[[BBC News]] |language= |archive-date=July 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727205840/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-41271418 |url-status=live }}</ref>

During both world wars, Arkhangelsk was a major port of entry for Allied aid. During World War II, the city became known in West Europe as one of the two main destinations (along with [[Murmansk]]) of the [[Arctic convoys of World War II|Arctic convoys]] bringing supplies in to assist the Soviet Union. During [[Operation Barbarossa]], the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, Arkhangelsk was one of two cities (the other being [[Astrakhan]]) selected to mark the envisioned eastern limit of German control. This military operation was to be halted at this [[A-A line]], but never reached it, as the German armies failed to capture either of these two cities and also failed to capture Moscow.

Arkhangelsk was also the site of [[List of Gulag camps#A|Arkhangelsk ITL]], or the Arkhangelsk [[Gulag|Labour Camp]], in the 1930s and 1940s.

Today, Arkhangelsk remains a [[Port of Arkhangelsk|major seaport]], now open year-round due to improvements in [[icebreaker]]s. The city is primarily a center for the timber and fishing industries.

On March 16, 2004, 58 people were killed in [[Arkhangelsk explosion of 2004|an explosion]] at an apartment building in the city.