Editing Argonne National Laboratory (section)

==Initiatives==
[[File:Mira - Blue Gene Q at Argonne National Laboratory.jpg|thumb|Argonne's [[IBM]] [[Blue Gene/Q]] [[supercomputer]].]]

*'''Hard X-ray Sciences''': Argonne is home to one of the world's largest high-energy light sources: the [[Advanced Photon Source]] (APS). Each year, scientists make thousands of discoveries while using the APS to characterize both [[Organic compound|organic]] and [[Inorganic compound|inorganic materials]] and even processes, such as how vehicle [[fuel injector]]s spray gasoline in engines.<ref>{{cite news |title = New X-ray technique may lead to better, cleaner fuel injectors for automobiles |publisher = Argonne National Laboratory |date = 2008-02-19 |url = http://www.anl.gov/Media_Center/News/2008/news080219.html}}</ref>
*'''Leadership Computing''': Argonne maintains one of the fastest computers for open science and has developed system software for these massive machines. Argonne works to drive the evolution of leadership computing from [[petascale]] to [[exascale computing|exascale]], develop new codes and computing environments, and expand computational efforts to help solve scientific challenges. For example, in October 2009, the laboratory announced that it would be embarking on a joint project to explore [[cloud computing]] for scientific purposes.<ref>{{cite news |title = DOE to explore scientific cloud computing at Argonne, Lawrence Berkeley national laboratories |publisher = Argonne National Laboratory |date = 2009-10-14 |url = http://www.anl.gov/Media_Center/News/2009/news091014a.html}}</ref> In the 1970s Argonne translated the ''[[Numerische Mathematik]]'' numerical linear algebra programs from [[ALGOL]] to [[Fortran]] and this library was expanded into [[LINPACK]] and [[EISPACK]], by [[Cleve Moler]], et al.
*'''Materials for Energy''': Argonne scientists work to predict, understand, and control where and how to place individual atoms and molecules to achieve desired material properties. Among other innovations, Argonne scientists helped develop an ice slurry to cool the organs of heart attack victims,<ref>{{cite news |last = Gupta |first = Manya |title = Medical care on ice |publisher = Medill Reports |date = 2009-11-10 |url = http://news.medill.northwestern.edu/chicago/news.aspx?id=145701 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110930160942/http://news.medill.northwestern.edu/chicago/news.aspx?id=145701 |archive-date = 2011-09-30 }}</ref> described what makes diamonds slippery at the [[Nanoscopic scale|nanoscale]] level,<ref>{{cite web |title = Engineers reveal what makes diamonds slippery at the nanoscale |website = ScienceDaily |date = 25 June 2008 |url = https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080623133523.htm |author = University of Pennsylvania}}</ref> and discovered a [[superinsulator|superinsulating]] material that resists the flow of electric current more completely than any other previous material.<ref>{{cite news |title = Newly discovered 'superinsulators' promise to transform materials research, electronics design |publisher = Argonne National Laboratory |date = 2008-04-04 |url = http://www.anl.gov/Media_Center/News/2008/MSD080404.html |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090826224133/http://www.anl.gov/Media_Center/News/2008/MSD080404.html |archive-date = 2009-08-26 }}</ref>
*'''Electrical Energy Storage''': Argonne develops [[battery (electricity)|batteries]] for [[electric transportation technology]] and [[Electrical grid|grid]] storage for intermittent [[energy]] sources like [[wind power|wind]] or [[solar energy|solar]], as well as the manufacturing processes needed for these materials-intensive systems.  The laboratory has been working on advanced battery materials research and development for over 50 years.<ref>{{cite news |title = Building better batteries |publisher = U.S. Department of Energy |access-date = 2009-12-13 |url = https://www.energy.gov/discovery/building_better_batteries.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100527135753/http://www.energy.gov/discovery/building_better_batteries.html |archive-date = 2010-05-27 |url-status = dead }}</ref> In the past 10 years, the laboratory has focused on [[lithium-ion batteries]], and in September 2009, it announced an initiative to explore and improve their capabilities.<ref>{{cite news |title = Argonne opens new chapter in battery research: Li-Air |publisher = Argonne National Laboratory |date = 2009-09-15 |url = http://www.anl.gov/Media_Center/News/2009/batteries090915.html}}</ref> Argonne also maintains an independent battery-testing facility, which tests sample batteries from both government and private industry to see how well they perform over time and under heat and cold stresses.<ref>{{cite news |title = Battery Test Facility |publisher = Argonne National Laboratory, Transportation Center |access-date = 2009-12-13 |url = http://www.transportation.anl.gov/facilities/battery_lab.html |archive-date = 2011-08-26 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110826061826/http://www.transportation.anl.gov/facilities/battery_lab.html |url-status = dead }}</ref>
*'''Alternative Energy and Efficiency''': Argonne develops both [[Chemical fuel|chemical]] and [[biofuel|biological]] [[fuel]]s tailored for current engines as well as improved [[Internal combustion engine|combustion]] schemes for future engine technologies. The laboratory has also recommended best practices for conserving fuel; for example, a study that recommended installing auxiliary cab heaters for trucks in lieu of idling the engine.<ref>{{cite news |last = Leavitt |first = Wendy |title = Not Just Idle Talk |publisher = Fleet Owner |date = 1998-08-01 |url = http://fleetowner.com/mag/fleet_not_idle_talk_2/}}</ref> Meanwhile, the [[solar energy]] research program focuses on solar-fuel and solar-electric devices and systems that are scalable and economically competitive with [[fossil energy]] sources.<ref>{{cite news |title = Argonne, Northwestern seek ANSER to solar energy challenges |publisher = Argonne National Laboratory |date = 2007-05-08 |url = http://www.anl.gov/Media_Center/News/2007/news070509.html}}</ref> Argonne scientists also explore best practices for a [[smart grid]], both by modeling power flow between utilities and homes and by researching the technology for interfaces.<ref>{{cite news |title = Grid Research: Making the Grid Smarter |publisher = Argonne National Laboratory Transportation Center |date = 2009-08-01 |url = http://www.transportation.anl.gov/smart_grid/index.html |access-date = 2009-12-14 |archive-date = 2015-09-12 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150912064813/http://www.transportation.anl.gov/smart_grid/index.html |url-status = dead }}</ref>
*'''Nuclear Energy''': Argonne generates advanced reactor and [[fuel cycle]] technologies that enable the safe, sustainable generation of [[nuclear power]]. Argonne scientists develop and validate computational models and reactor simulations of future generation [[Nuclear reactor technology|nuclear reactors]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Putting the new in nuclear |publisher = Argonne National Laboratory magazine |date = Fall 2009 |url = http://www.ne.anl.gov/About/headlines/frontiers-fall09.shtml}}</ref> Another project studies how to reprocess [[spent nuclear fuel]], so that waste is reduced up to 90%.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=Science Channel |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMhruDLNwBI  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/FMhruDLNwBI| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title=Doing the impossible: Recycling nuclear waste |access-date=2013-06-10}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*'''Biological and Environmental Systems''': Understanding the local effect of climate change requires integration of the interactions between the environment and human activities. Argonne scientists study these relationships from molecule to organism to ecosystem. Programs include [[bioremediation]] using [[tree]]s to pull [[pollutant]]s out of [[groundwater]];<ref>{{cite news |title = Argonne Cleans Up Brownfield Sites [video] |publisher = CleanSkies Network |date = 2009-11-10 |url = http://www.cleanskies.com/videos/argonne-cleans-brownfield-sites |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091221152637/http://www.cleanskies.com/videos/argonne-cleans-brownfield-sites |archive-date = 2009-12-21 }}</ref> biochips to detect cancers earlier;<ref>{{cite news |title = Biochips can detect cancers before symptoms develop |publisher = Argonne National Laboratory |date = 2008-05-09 |url = http://www.anl.gov/Media_Center/News/2008/ES080509.html}}</ref> a project to target [[cancer]]ous cells using [[nanoparticle]]s;<ref>{{cite news |last = Wang |first = Ann |title = Magnetic microdiscs target and initiate cell death in tumors |publisher = Johns Hopkins Newsletter |date = 2 December 2009 |url = http://www.jhunewsletter.com/article/2009/12/magnetic-microdiscs-target-and-initiate-cell-death-in-tumors-22001 }}</ref> soil [[metagenomics]]; and a user facility for the [[Atmospheric Radiation Measurement]][[climate change]] research project.<ref>{{cite news |title = ARRA funding to help scientists better understand climate change |publisher = Argonne National Laboratory |date = 2009-12-08 |url = http://www.anl.gov/Media_Center/News/2009/news091208.html}}</ref>
*'''National Security''': Argonne develops security technologies that will prevent and mitigate events with potential for mass disruption or destruction. These include sensors that can detect chemical, biological, nuclear and explosive materials;<ref>{{cite news |title = New sensor technology detects chemical, biological, nuclear and explosive materials |publisher = Argonne National Laboratory |date = 2006-03-21 |url = http://www.ne.anl.gov/About/headlines/20060321.shtml}}</ref> portable [[Terahertz radiation]] ("T-ray") machines that detect dangerous materials more easily than X-rays at airports;<ref>{{cite news |title = New T-ray source could improve airport security, cancer detection |publisher = Argonne National Laboratory |date = 2007-11-23 |url = http://www.anl.gov/Media_Center/News/2007/MSD071123.html}}</ref> and tracking and modeling the possible paths of chemicals released into a subway.<ref>{{cite news |last = Szaniszlo |first = Marie |title = MBTA preps for biological terror attack |newspaper = Boston Herald |date = 2009-12-06 |url = http://www.bostonherald.com/news/regional/view/20091206mbta_preps_for_biological_terror_attack/}}</ref>