Editing Apple Lisa (section)

==Overview==
===Hardware===
[[File:Apple Lisa IO board.JPG|thumb|This Lisa I/O board has a [[Macintosh XL]] UV-EPROM installed.]]
The Lisa was first introduced on January 19, 1983. It is one of the first personal computer systems with a [[graphical user interface]] (GUI) to be sold commercially. It uses a [[Motorola 68000]] [[central processing unit|CPU]] clocked at 5&nbsp;MHz and has 1&nbsp;MB of RAM. It can be upgraded to 2 MB and later shipped with as little as 512 kilobytes. The CPU speed and model were not changed from the release of the Lisa 1 to the repackaging of the hardware as Macintosh XL.

The [[real-time clock]] uses a 4-bit integer and the base year is defined as 1980; the software won't accept any value below 1981, so the only valid range is 1981–1995.<ref name=mcqk/> The real-time clock depends on a {{nowrap|4{{tsp}}×{{tsp}}[[AA battery|AA-cell]]}} [[Nickel–cadmium battery|NiCd]] pack of batteries that only lasts for a few hours when main power is not present. Prone to failure over time, the battery packs could leak corrosive alkaline [[electrolyte]] and ruin the circuit boards.<ref name=mcqk>{{cite web|title=The little-known Apple Lisa: Five quirks and oddities |date=January 30, 2013 |access-date=April 7, 2016 |url=http://www.macworld.com/article/2026544/the-little-known-apple-lisa-five-quirks-and-oddities.html |website=MacWorld |first=Benj |last=Edwards}}</ref>

The integrated monochrome black-on-white monitor has {{nowrap|720{{tsp}}×{{tsp}}364}} rectangular pixels on a {{Convert|12|in|cm|adj=on}} screen.

Lisa's printer support includes Apple's [[Apple Dot Matrix Printer|Dot Matrix]], [[Apple Daisy Wheel Printer|Daisy Wheel]], and [[Apple ImageWriter|ImageWriter]] [[dot matrix printing|dot matrix]] printers, and [[Canon Inc.|Canon]]'s new color [[inkjet printing|inkjet]] technology.

The original Lisa, later called the Lisa 1, has two [[Apple FileWare|FileWare]] 5.25-inch double-sided variable-speed [[floppy disk]] drives, more commonly known by Apple's [[codename]] "Twiggy".<ref name="AC"/>{{rp|77–78}} They have what was then a very high capacity of approximately 871&nbsp;kB <!-- intentional kB, 1000 bytes -->each, but are unreliable<ref name="AC"/>{{rp|78}} and use proprietary diskettes. Competing systems with high diskette data storage have much larger 8" floppy disks, seen as cumbersome and old-fashioned for a consumer system.

Lisa 1's innovations include [[Block (data storage)|block]] sparing, to reserve blocks in case of bad blocks, even on floppy disks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cs.oberlin.edu/~jwalker/lisa-legacy/ |title=The Legacy of the Apple Lisa Personal Computer: An Outsider's View |last=Craig |first=David |date=February 16, 1993 |website=Oberlin Computer Science |publisher=David T. Craig |access-date=September 24, 2019 }}</ref> Critical operating system information has [[Redundancy (engineering)|redundant]] storage, for recovery in case of corruption.

====Lisa (1983)====

The original Lisa Computer (Lisa 1) was introduced in January 1983 and began shipping in June 1983.  The machine was powered by a 5 MHz Motorola 68000 processor with an integrated monochrome black-on-white monitor having 720 × 364 rectangular pixels displayed on a 12-inch (30 cm) screen . The computer shipped with two “Twiggy” floppy disk drives along with Lisa OS and office productivity software. The interface included a detached keyboard, a 'thin button' mouse, with a parallel port for Apple ProFile external hard drive(s), and three (3) expansion slots for future upgrades.  The Lisa launched in January 1983 at a cost of $9,995.

====Lisa 2 (1984–1985)====
[[File:Apple Lisa2-IMG 1517.jpg|thumb|Lisa 2]]
The second hardware revision, the Lisa 2, was released in January 1984 and was priced between {{US$|3495|long=no}} and {{US$|long=no|5495}}.<ref name="AC"/>{{rp|79}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://macgui.com/usenet/?group=6&id=278|title=Mac GUI :: Re: MACINTOSH opinion and request|website=macgui.com}}</ref> It was much less expensive than the original model, and dropped the Twiggy floppy drives in favor of a single [[Macintosh External Disk Drive#400K|400K Sony microfloppy]].<ref name="infoworld_lisa2_intro_pg65">{{cite magazine|last=Mace|first=Scott|title=Apple introduces Lisa 2; basic model to cost {{US$|long=no|3500}}|magazine=[[InfoWorld]]|date=February 13, 1984|volume=6|issue=7|pages=65–66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gi4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA65|access-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref> The Lisa 2 has as little as 512 KB of RAM.

The Lisa 2 line of products included the '''Lisa 2/5''' which consisted of a Lisa 2 bundled with an external ProFile hard drive (5 megabyte capacity)  or '''Lisa 2/10''' with external ProFile hard drive (10 megabyte capacity) .<ref name=mac_repair_secrets_pg236>{{cite book|last=Pina|first=Larry|title=Macintosh Repair & Upgrade Secrets |url=https://archive.org/details/mac_Macintosh_Repair_Upgrade_Secrets_1990 |year=1990|publisher=Hayden Books|location=Carmel, IN, USA|isbn=0672484528 |lccn=89-6375 |page=236|edition=1st|author-link=Larry Pina}}</ref> 

Owners of the original Lisa (1983) computer with Twiggy drives and software, were offered free upgrades to the Lisa 2.  The upgrade replaced the pair of Twiggy drives with a single 3.5-inch drive,<ref name="infoworld_lisa2_intro_pg65" /> and updating the boot ROM and I/O ROM and modification to the IO board. The upgrade included the new Lisa 2's new front faceplate to accommodate the newer microdisk (400K) drive which incorporated the new inlaid Apple logo.  This faceplate was the first to incorporate Apples [[Snow White design language]] elements. 

Developing early Macintosh software required a Lisa{{spaces}}2.<ref name="dacruz19840611">{{cite mailing list | url=http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ftp/e/mail.84b | title=Macintosh Kermit No-Progress Report | publisher=Kermit Project, Columbia University | mailing-list=Info-Kermit mailing list | date=June 11, 1984 | access-date=February 24, 2016 | author=da Cruz, Frank}}</ref> There were relatively few third-party hardware offerings for the Lisa, as compared to the earlier {{nowrap|[[Apple II]]{{px2}}{{mdash}}{{px2}}}}[[AST Research|AST]] offered a {{val|1.5|ul=MB}} memory board which, when combined with the standard Apple {{val|512|ul=KB}} memory board, expanded the Lisa to a total of {{val|2|u=MB}} of memory, the maximum amount that the [[Memory management unit|MMU]] can address.

Late in the product life of the Lisa, there were third-party hard disk drives, [[SCSI host adapter|SCSI controllers]], and [[Double-sided disk|double-sided 3.5-inch floppy-disk]] upgrades. Unlike the original Macintosh, the Lisa has expansion slots. The Lisa 2 motherboard has a very basic [[backplane]] with virtually no electronic components, but plenty of [[edge connector]] sockets and slots. There are two RAM slots, one CPU upgrade slot, and one [[Input/output|I/O]] slot, all in parallel. At the other end are three Lisa slots in parallel.

Late in 1984, the '''Lisa 2/10''' spun off another variation that incorporated an internal 10 MB hard drive (Widget Drive), a modified motherboard removing the parallel port and internal cards, with upgraded power supply, along with the standard configuration of {{val|1|u=MB}} of RAM.<ref name="mac_repair_secrets_pg236"/> There was no upgrade path for this configuration as the hardware and wiring harness was electrically incompatible with the original Lisa 1 or 2 chassis."

=====Macintosh XL (1985–1986)=====
[[File:Macintosh XL 1.jpg|thumb|Macintosh XL]]
{{Main|Macintosh XL}}
In January 1985, following the release of the Macintosh, the Lisa 2/10 (with integrated 10&nbsp;MB hard drive) was rebranded as Macintosh XL.  positioning it as the high-end Macintosh. The price was lowered yet again, to $4,000, and sales tripled, but CEO [[John Sculley]] said that Apple would have lost money increasing production to meet the new demand.<ref name="Infoworld June 3, 1985">{{cite magazine | magazine=[[InfoWorld]] | title=Apple's LISA meets a bad end | date=June 3, 1985 | first=Christine | last=McGeever | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8C4EAAAAMBAJ&q=Apple%27s+LISA+meets+a+bad+end&pg=PA20 | access-date=October 26, 2017 |volume=7|issue=22| pages=21–22|issn=0199-6649}}</ref> There was an upgrade kit for Lisa computers that included a hardware and software kit, enabling it to reboot into Macintosh mode and display SQUARE pixels in place of the rectangular pixels of the Lisa.

Apple discontinued the Macintosh XL, leaving an eight-month void in Apple's high-end product line until the [[Macintosh Plus]] was introduced in 1986.

===Software===
[[File:Apple Lisa Office System 3.1.png|thumb|Lisa Office System 3.1]]

====Lisa OS====
The Lisa [[operating system]] features [[memory protection|protected memory]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Lisa Operating System Reference Manual |page=50}}</ref> enabled by a crude hardware circuit compared to the [[Sun-1]] workstation (c. 1982), which features a full memory management unit. [[Motorola]] did not have an MMU (memory-management unit) for the [[Motorola 68000|68000]] ready in time, so third parties developed their own. Apple's is also the result of a cost-cutting compromise, with sluggish performance. Based, in part, on elements from the [[Apple III]] [[Apple SOS|SOS]] operating system released three years earlier, Lisa's [[disk operating system]] also organizes its files in hierarchical directories. [[File system]] directories correspond to GUI folders, as with previous Xerox PARC computers from which Lisa borrowed heavily. Lisa was designed around a hard drive, unlike the first Macintosh.

Lisa has two main user modes: the Lisa Office System and the Workshop. The Lisa Office System is the GUI environment for end users. The Workshop is a program development environment and is almost entirely text-based, though it uses a GUI text editor. The Lisa Office System was eventually renamed 7/7 which refers to the seven supplied application programs: LisaWrite, LisaCalc, LisaDraw, LisaGraph, [[LisaProject]], LisaList, and LisaTerminal.

Apple's warranty said that this software works precisely as stated, and Apple refunded an unspecified number of users, in full, for their systems. These operating system frailties, and costly recalls, combined with the very high price point, led to the failure of the Lisa in the marketplace. NASA purchased Lisa machines, mainly to use the [[LisaProject|LisaProject program]].

In 2018, the [[Computer History Museum]] announced it would be releasing the source code for Lisa OS, following a check by Apple to ensure this would not impact other intellectual property. For copyright reasons, this release does not include the American Heritage dictionary.<ref name="OpenElectronics">{{cite web|last=Ruggeri|first=Luca|title=The Computer History Museum will open source Apple's Lisa OS|date=January 17, 2018|url=https://www.open-electronics.org/the-computer-history-museum-will-open-source-apples-lisa-os/|access-date=May 11, 2020}}</ref> For its 40th anniversary on January 19, 2023, Lisa OS Software version 3.1's source code is available under an [https://www.apple.com/legal/education/apple-school-manager/ Apple Academic License Agreement.]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hsu |first=Hansen |date=January 19, 2023 |title=The Lisa Was Apple's Best Failure |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/apple-lisa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120001412/https://spectrum.ieee.org/apple-lisa |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |access-date=January 19, 2023 |website=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2023 |title=CHM Makes Apple Lisa Source Code Available to the Public as a Part of Its Art of Code Series |url=https://computerhistory.org/press-releases/chm-makes-apple-lisa-source-code-available-to-the-public-as-a-part-of-its-art-of-code-series/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120021048/https://computerhistory.org/press-releases/chm-makes-apple-lisa-source-code-available-to-the-public-as-a-part-of-its-art-of-code-series/ |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |access-date= |website=Computer History Museum |place=Mountain View, CA |language=en}}</ref>

====MacWorks====
{{Main|MacWorks}}
In April 1984, following the Macintosh launch, Apple introduced MacWorks, a software emulation environment enabling Lisa to run Macintosh System software and applications.<ref name="byte198412_lisa2">{{cite magazine|title=The Lisa 2: Apple's ablest computer |magazine=[[Byte (magazine)|BYTE]] |last1=Redhed |first1=David D. |pages=A106–A114 |issue=December 1984 |url=https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1984-12/page/n501/mode/2up |access-date=15 February 2024 }}</ref> MacWorks improved Lisa's market appeal. After the early Macintosh operating system first gained hard disk support, MacWorks also gained access to Lisa's hard disk in September. In January 1985, MacWorks was re-branded MacWorks XL as the primary system application, to convert the Lisa into the [[Macintosh XL]].

====Third-party software====
[[File:Apple Lisa Workshop.png|thumb|Lisa Workshop]]
The launch version of Lisa Office System can not be used for programming, requiring the separate development OS called Lisa Workshop to be toggled and booted. Lisa Workshop was also used to develop Macintosh software for its first few years, until a Macintosh-native development system was released.{{when|date=November 2024}} For most of its lifetime, the Lisa only had the original seven applications that Apple had deemed enough to "do everything".{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} UniPress Software released [[UNIX System III]] for {{US$|495|1983|long=no|round=-2}}.<ref name="byte198312">{{cite magazine | title=Unix Spoken Here / and MS-DOS, and VMS too! | magazine=[[Byte (magazine)|BYTE]] | date=December 1983 | access-date=March 8, 2016 | pages=334 | volume=8 | number=12 | type=advertisement | url=https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1983-12/page/n335/mode/1up}}</ref>

[[Santa Cruz Operation]] (SCO) published [[Microsoft]] [[Xenix]] (version 3), a [[Unix-like]] [[command-line interface|command-line]] operating system for the Lisa 2, and Microsoft's [[Multiplan]] 2.1 spreadsheet for Xenix.<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Photograph of Lisa Xenix Multiplan diskette |language=en |url=https://postlmg.cc/BXsws9Mt |access-date=September 24, 2019 |format=JPEG |publisher=Postimg.com }}</ref> Other Lisa Xenix apps include Quadratron's Q-Office suite.<ref name="stmac198407_quadratron">{{ cite magazine | url=https://archive.org/details/st.mac-1984-07/page/n55/mode/1up | title=Quadratron's Lisa Office System | magazine=ST.Mac | date=July 1984 | access-date=July 27, 2024 | volume=1 | issue=6 | pages=54 }}</ref>

UniPress Software also provided a version of [[Unix System V]] for the Lisa 2, offering a C compiler and "Berkeley enhancements" such as [[vi (text editor)|vi]] and the [[C shell]], supporting hard drives ranging from 20&nbsp;MB to 100&nbsp;MB along with Ethernet connectivity. Additional applications could be purchased from UniPress, and a less expensive single-user edition was also sold for {{US$|495|1984|long=no|round=-2}} alongside the {{US$|1495|1984|long=no|round=-2}} multi-user edition. A variety of other programming languages were supported by the operating system.<ref name="byte198412_lisa2"/>