Editing Anxiety (section)

==== Performance and competitive ====
{{Main|Stage fright|Somatic anxiety|Sport psychology}}
[[Stage fright|Performance anxiety]] and competitive anxiety ([[doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803377-7.00018-1|competitive trait anxiety, competitive state anxiety]]) happen when an individual's performance is measured against others. An important distinction between competitive and non-competitive anxiety is that competitive anxiety makes people view their performance as a threat.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rice SM, Purcell R, De Silva S, Mawren D, McGorry PD, Parker AG | title = The Mental Health of Elite Athletes: A Narrative Systematic Review | journal = Sports Medicine | volume = 46 | issue = 9 | pages = 1333–1353 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 26896951 | pmc = 4996886 | doi = 10.1007/s40279-016-0492-2 }}</ref> As a result, they experience a drop in their ordinary ability, whether physical or mental, due to that perceived stress.<ref name=":12">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ford JL, Ildefonso K, Jones ML, Arvinen-Barrow M | title = Sport-related anxiety: current insights | language = English | journal = Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 8 | pages = 205–212 | date = 2017-10-27 | pmid = 29138604 | pmc = 5667788 | doi = 10.2147/OAJSM.S125845 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Competitive anxiety is caused by a range of internal factors including high expectations, outside pressure,<ref name=":12" /> lack of experience, and external factors like the location of a competition.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Kang H, Jang S |date=2018-08-13 |title=Effects of competition anxiety on self-confidence in soccer players: Modulation effects of home and away games. |journal=Journal of Men's Health |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=62–68 |doi=10.22374/1875-6859.14.3.9 |issn=1875-6867|doi-access=free }}</ref> It commonly occurs in those participating in high pressure activities like sports and debates. Some common symptoms of competitive anxiety include muscle tension, fatigue, weakness, sense of panic, apprehensiveness, and panic attacks.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rowland DL, van Lankveld JJ | title = Anxiety and Performance in Sex, Sport, and Stage: Identifying Common Ground | journal = Frontiers in Psychology | volume = 10 | pages = 1615 | date = 2019 | pmid = 31379665 | pmc = 6646850 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01615 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

There are [[Sport psychology#Arousal anxiety and stress|4 major theories]] of how anxiety affects performance: Drive theory, Inverted U theory, Reversal theory, and The Zone of Optimal Functioning theory.

''Drive theory'' believes that anxiety is positive and performance improves proportionally to the level of anxiety. This theory is not well accepted.<ref name = "Jarvis_2006">{{Cite book |vauthors=Jarvis M |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60971762 |title=Sport psychology : a student's handbook |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=1-84169-581-5 |location=London |oclc=60971762 |access-date=2023-03-30 |archive-date=2024-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223203105/https://search.worldcat.org/title/60971762 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The ''Inverted U theory'' is based on the idea that performance peaks at a moderate stress level. It is called Inverted U theory because the graph that plots performance against anxiety looks like an inverted "U".<ref name = "Jarvis_2006" />

''Reversal theory'' suggests that performance increases in relation to the individual's interpretation of their arousal levels. If they believed their physical arousal level would help them, their performance would increase, if they didn't, their performance would decrease.<ref name=":12" /> For example: Athletes were shown to worry more when focusing on results and perfection rather than the effort and growth involved.<ref name=":0" />

The ''Zone of Optimal Functioning theory'' proposes that there is a zone where positive and [[negative emotion]]s are in a balance which lead to feelings of dissociation and intense concentration, optimizing the individual's performance levels.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470479216 |title=The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology |date=2010-01-30 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-17024-3 |veditors=Weiner IB, Craighead WE |edition=1st |language=en |doi=10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0626 |access-date=2023-03-30 |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330062206/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470479216 |url-status=live }}</ref>