Editing Antisemitism in Christianity (section)

==Church Fathers==
<!--{{Main article|Anti-Semitism in patristics}}-->
{{further|Adversus Judaeos|John Chrysostom}}
{{more citations needed section|date=September 2014}}

After [[Saint Paul|Paul]]'s death, Christianity emerged as a separate religion, and [[Pauline Christianity]] emerged as the dominant form of Christianity, especially after Paul, James and the other apostles agreed on a compromise set of requirements.<ref>{{bibleverse|Acts|15}}</ref> Some Christians continued to adhere to aspects of Jewish law, but they were few and often considered [[Christian heresy|heretics]] by the Church. One example is the [[Ebionites]], who seemed to have denied the [[Virgin Birth (Christian doctrine)|virgin birth]] of Jesus, the physical [[Resurrection of Jesus]], and most of the books that were later [[biblical canon|canonized]] as the [[New Testament]]. For example, the [[Ethiopian Orthodox]] continue [[Old Testament]] practices such as the [[Shabbat|Sabbath]]. As late as the 4th century [[Church Father]] [[John Chrysostom]] [[John Chrysostom#Homilies against Jews and Judaizing Christians|complained]] that some Christians were still attending Jewish synagogues. The [[Church Fathers]] identified Jews and Judaism with [[Heresy#Christianity|heresy]] and declared the people of Israel to be {{lang|la|extra Deum}} ('outside of God').

===Peter of Antioch===
[[Peter of Antioch]] referred to Christians that refused to venerate [[iconoclast|religious images]] as having "Jewish minds".<ref name=RobertM1>{{cite book|last1=Michael|first1=Robert|title=A history of Catholic anti-Semitism: the dark side of the church|date=2011|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=978-0230111318|pages=28–30|edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZnFAAAAQBAJ&q=heretic&pg=PA28|access-date=9 February 2015}}</ref>

===Marcion of Sinope===
In the early second century AD, the heretic [[Marcion of Sinope]] ({{circa|85|160 AD}}) declared that the Jewish God was a different God, inferior to the Christian one,<ref name="Nicholls1993">{{cite book |last1=Nicholls |first1=William |title=Christian Anti-Semitism: A History of Hate |date=1993 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. |location=Lanham, Maryland; Boulder, Colorado; New York City; Toronto, Ontario; and Oxford, England |isbn=0-87668-398-7 |pages=178–187 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBAAitrH9vMC&q=Marcion&pg=PA179 }}</ref> and rejected the Jewish scriptures as the product of a lesser deity.<ref name="Nicholls1993"/> Marcion's teachings, which were extremely popular, rejected Judaism not only as an incomplete revelation, but as a false one as well,<ref name="Nicholls1993"/> but, at the same time, allowed less blame to be placed on the Jews personally for having not recognized Jesus,<ref name="Nicholls1993"/> since, in Marcion's worldview, Jesus was not sent by the lesser Jewish God, but by the supreme Christian God, whom the Jews had no reason to recognize.<ref name="Nicholls1993"/>

In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity,<ref name="Nicholls1993"/> while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical.<ref name="Nicholls1993"/>

===Tertullian===
The Church Father [[Tertullian]] ({{circa|155|240 AD}}) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews<ref name="Nicholls1993"/> and argued that the Gentiles had been chosen by God to replace the Jews because they were worthier and more honorable.<ref name="Nicholls1993"/> [[Origen|Origen of Alexandria]] ({{circa|184|253|lk=no}}) was more knowledgeable about Judaism than any of the other Church Fathers,<ref name="OLeary2004">{{cite book|last=O'Leary|first=Joseph S.|date=2004|chapter=Judaism|title=The Westminster Handbook to Origen|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riEdrWEDFq0C&q=Origen+ordination&pg=PA13|location=Louisville, Kentucky|editor-last=McGuckin|editor-first=John Anthony|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=0-664-22472-5|pages=135–138}}</ref> having studied [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], met [[Hillel, son of Gamaliel III|Rabbi Hillel the Younger]], consulted and debated with Jewish scholars, and been influenced by the allegorical interpretations of [[Philo|Philo of Alexandria]].<ref name="OLeary2004"/> Origen defended the canonicity of the Hebrew Bible<ref name="OLeary2004"/> and defended Jews of the past as having been chosen by God for their merits.<ref name="OLeary2004"/> Nonetheless, he condemned contemporary Jews for not understanding their own Law, insisted that Christians were the "true Israel", and blamed the Jews for the death of Christ.<ref name="OLeary2004"/> He did, however, maintain that Jews would eventually attain salvation in the final ''[[apocatastasis]]''.<ref name="OLeary2004"/> [[Hippolytus of Rome]] ({{circa|170|235 AD|lk=no}}) wrote that the Jews had "been darkened in the eyes of your soul with a darkness utter and everlasting."<ref name="Ref_m">Hippolytus, ''Treatise Against the Jews'' 6, in ''Ante-Nicene Fathers'' 5:220.</ref>

===Augustine of Hippo===
Patristic bishops of the patristic era such as [[Augustine of Hippo]] argued that the Jews should be left alive and suffering as a perpetual reminder of their [[deicide|murder of Christ]]. Like his anti-Jewish teacher, [[Ambrose of Milan]], he defined Jews as a special subset of those damned to [[hell]]. As "[[Witness People]]", he sanctified collective punishment for the [[Jewish deicide]] and enslavement of Jews to Catholics: "Not by bodily death, shall the ungodly race of carnal Jews perish{{nbsp}}[...] 'Scatter them abroad, take away their strength. And bring them down O [[God the Son|Lord]]{{' "}}. Augustine claimed to "love" the Jews but as a means to [[Proselytization and counter-proselytization of Jews|convert]] them to Christianity. Sometimes he identified all Jews with the evil of [[Judas Iscariot]] and developed the doctrine (together with [[Cyprian]]) that there was "no salvation outside the Church".<ref name=RobertM11>{{cite book|last1=Michael|first1=Robert|title=A history of Catholic anti-Semitism: the dark side of the church|date=2011|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=978-0230111318|edition=1st Palgrave Macmillan pbk.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZnFAAAAQBAJ&q=heretic&pg=PA28|access-date=9 February 2015}}</ref>

===John Chrysostom===
[[John Chrysostom]] and other church fathers went further in their condemnation; the Catholic editor Paul Harkins wrote that [[St. John Chrysostom]]'s anti-Jewish theology "is no longer tenable{{nbsp}}[...] For these objectively unchristian acts, he cannot be excused, even if he is the product of his times." John Chrysostom held, as most Church Fathers did, that the sins of all Jews were communal and endless; to Chrysostom, his Jewish neighbors were the collective representation of all alleged crimes of all preexisting Jews. All Church Fathers applied the passages of the New Testament concerning the alleged advocation of the crucifixion of Christ to all Jews of their day, holding that the Jews were the ultimate evil. However, Chrysostom went so far as to say that because Jews rejected the [[God in Christianity|Christian God]] in human flesh, Christ, they therefore deserved to be killed:{{Disputed inline|John Chrysostom and Adversos Judaeos|date=March 2024}} "grew fit for slaughter." In citing the New Testament,<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|19:27}}</ref> he claimed that Jesus was speaking about Jews when he said, "as for these enemies of mine who did not want me to reign over them, bring them here and slay them before me."<ref name=RobertM11/>

===Jerome===
[[St. Jerome]] identified Jews with [[Judas Iscariot]] and the immoral use of money ("Judas is cursed, that in Judas the Jews may be accursed{{nbsp}}[...] their prayers turn into sins"). Jerome's homiletical assaults, which may have served as the basis for the anti-Jewish [[Good Friday prayer for the Jews|Good Friday liturgy]], contrasts Jews with the evil, and that "the ceremonies of the Jews are harmful and deadly to Christians", whoever keeps them was doomed to the [[devil]]: "My enemies are the Jews; they have conspired in hatred against Me, crucified Me, heaped evils of all kinds upon Me, blasphemed Me."<ref name=RobertM11/>

===Ephraim the Syrian===
[[Ephraim the Syrian]] wrote polemics against Jews in the 4th century, including the repeated accusation that Satan dwells among them as a partner. The writings were directed at Christians who were being proselytized by Jews. Ephraim feared that they were slipping back into Judaism; thus, he portrayed the Jews as enemies of Christianity, like Satan, to emphasize the contrast between the two religions, namely, that Christianity was Godly and true and Judaism was Satanic and false. Like Chrysostom, his objective was to dissuade Christians from reverting to Judaism by emphasizing what he saw as the wickedness of the Jews and their religion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol1No2/HV1N2Palmer.html |title=Ephraim the Syrian and his polemics against Jews |publisher=Syrcom.cua.edu |access-date=2013-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807105307/http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol1No2/HV1N2Palmer.html |archive-date=2012-08-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol5No1/HV5N1Shepardson.html |title=Analysis of Ephraim's writings |publisher=Syrcom.cua.edu |access-date=2013-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807105203/http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol5No1/HV5N1Shepardson.html |archive-date=2012-08-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref>