Editing Antiochus XII Dionysus (section)

==Aftermath and legacy==
[[File:Antiochos XII Dionysos & Zeus Aëtophoros.jpg|alt=A coin of king Antiochus XII. On its reverse, the Greek god Zeus is depicted, while the obverse has the king's bust|thumb|300px|A coin of Antiochus XII with [[Zeus]] depicted on the reverse]]
According to Josephus, the death of the King resulted in a rout of the Syrian forces, with many being killed in the field or during the retreat. Survivors of the rout sheltered in Cana, where most died of starvation.{{sfn|Leeming|Leeming|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gu5HI-4gyXgC&pg=PA122 122]}} Antiochus XII was the last energetic Seleucid king. Little is recorded of Philip I after his attempt at annexing Damascus, which was left without a protector after the death of Antiochus XII. Fearing the [[Ituraea]]n ruler [[Ptolemy (son of Mennaeus)|Ptolemy]], the people of Damascus invited [[Aretas III]] of Nabataea to take the city.{{#tag:ref|It is not known if it was Aretas III who defeated Antiochus XII.{{sfn|Sartre|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9y7nTpFcN3AC&pg=PA19 19]}} The identity of the Syrian king's Nabataean enemy is much debated.{{sfn|Shatzman|1991|p=120}} {{ill|Albert Kammerer|fr}} and Philip C. Hammond used the account of Uranius and asserted that it was Rabbel I.{{sfn|Roschinski|1980|p=144}} [[Jean Starcky]] argued that the Nabataean monarch was [[Obodas I]],{{sfn|Starcky|1966|p=906}} whom [[Maurice Sartre]] preferred and concluded that he probably did not survive long after his battle with Antiochus XII.{{sfn|Sartre|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9y7nTpFcN3AC&pg=PA19 19]}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Roschinski|1980|p=144}} The numismatist Oliver D. Hoover suggested that Aretas III did not hold Damascus for long before the city returned to Seleucid possession.{{sfn|Hoover|2005|p= 99}}

The identity of Antiochus XII's wife remains unknown,{{sfn|Ogden|1999|p=158}} but according to the sixth-century historian [[John Malalas]], whose work is considered generally unreliable by scholars,{{sfn|Scott|2017|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=RtMuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 76]}} the King had two daughters, Cleopatra and Antiochis.{{sfn|Malalas|1940|p=19}} Cleopatra Selene, who went into hiding after the death of Antiochus X in 224 SE (89/88 BC),{{sfn|Hoover|2011|p=260}}{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p=294}} took advantage of Antiochus XII's death and declared her son [[Antiochus XIII Asiaticus|Antiochus XIII]] king{{sfn|Wright|2012|p= 12}}{{sfn|Burgess|2004|p= 21}} with herself as queen regent and regnant.{{sfn|Houghton|Lorber|Hoover|2008|p=616}}{{sfn|Burgess|2004|p= 24}} Coins struck during her regency show the marks of the Damascus mint. Archeologist Nicholas L. Wright suggested that Cleopatra Selene's takeover of Damascus took place after 80 BC.{{sfn|Wright|2012|p= 12}} Josephus called Antiochus XII the last Seleucid king,{{sfn|Sievers|2005|p=35}} and Malalas, according to the translation of the historian Glanville Downey, followed suit;{{sfn|Downey|1938|p=114}} the last Seleucid king was in fact Antiochus XIII, who was dethroned in 64 BC after Antioch was annexed by the [[Roman Republic|Romans]].{{#tag:ref|The most complete surviving copy of Malalas's work, who wrote in the sixth century, is the [[Codex Baroccianus|Baroccianus Graecus]] manuscript from the eleventh century, which includes many abbreviations and missing words.{{sfn|Whitby|1988|p=270}} Malalas himself used vernacular Greek, making his language sometimes difficult to understand.{{sfn|Malalas|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MwEtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR24 xxiv]}} Different scholars presented their reading of Malalas's chronicles:
* The reading of Glanville Downey have "Antiochus Dionysus the Leper, father of Cleopatra and Antiochis".{{sfn|Downey|1938|p=112}} Downey noted that Malalas conflated Antiochus XII with his successor Antiochus XIII, who surrendered to the Romans in 64 BC; the Byzantine historian attributed the act of surrender to Antiochus XII. The Greek version of Malalas's work has the name "Antiochus Dionikous" while the older [[Old Church Slavonic|Church Slavonic]] version has "Antiochus Dionysos".{{sfn|Downey|1951|p=161}} The German translation by {{ill|Johannes Thurn|de|Hans Thurn (Byzantinist)|vertical-align=sup}} and {{ill|Mischa Meier|de|vertical-align=sup}} matched Downey's English reading.{{sfn|Malalas|2009|p=218}}
* In the translation of [[Elizabeth Jeffreys]] (et al.), the passage reads: "Antiochus, the son of Dionikes the leper, father of Cleopatra and Antiochis."{{sfn|Malalas|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MwEtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 109]}}

[[Tigranes the Great|Tigranes II]] of [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]] conquered Syria c. 74 BC;{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 297}} according to Malalas, Antiochus Dionysos asked [[Pompey]] to be reinstated on the throne following the ejection of Tigranes II by the Romans. The Syrian king was granted his wish and in his will, he bequeathed Syria to the Romans, thus ending the Seleucid dynasty.{{sfn|Downey|1951|p=161}} Bellinger noted the contradictions in Malalas's statements, as the Byzantine historian mentioned earlier in his account that Pompey annexed Antioch. In the view of Bellinger, Malalas's account is nonsense.{{sfn|Bellinger|1949|p=85}} Downey also questioned the account but considered it possible that Malalas used local Antiochene sources that attempted to scale down the humiliation of annexation inventing the story of an abdication, which in itself is not out of question, and the bequeathing had a precedent in Roman history; [[Attalus II Philadelphus|Attalus II]] of [[Pergamon]] bequeathed his kingdom to Rome in 138 BC.{{sfn|Downey|1951|p=161}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Downey|1951|p=161}}