Editing Antananarivo (section)

==Geography==
[[File:Map of Madagascar (LMS, 1869, p.44).jpg|thumb|260px|left|Map of the Country 20 Miles [32 km] around Antananarivo, Madagascar ([[London Missionary Society|LMS]], 1869, p.44)<ref name="Fruits-LMS">{{cite book |editor1-last=London Missionary Society |title=Fruits of Toil in the London Missionary Society |date=1869 |publisher=John Snow & Co. |location=London |page=44 |url=https://archive.org/details/fruitsoftoilinth17115gut |access-date=12 September 2016}}</ref>]]
Antananarivo is situated approximately {{cvt|1280|m|ft|0}} above sea level in the Central Highlands region of Madagascar, at 18.55' South and 47.32' East.{{sfn|UN-Habitat|2012|p=7}} The city is located centrally along the north–south axis of the country, and east of the center along the east–west axis. It is {{cvt|160|km|mi}} from the east coast and {{cvt|330|km|mi}} from the west coast. The city occupies a commanding position on the summit and slopes of a long, narrow, rocky ridge extending north and south for about {{cvt|4|km|mi|0}} and rising to about {{cvt|200|m|ft|-1}} above the extensive rice fields to the west.{{sfn|Shillington|2004|p=158}}

The official boundaries of the city of Antananarivo encompass an urban area of approximately {{cvt|86.4|sqkm|sqmi}}.{{sfn|UN-Habitat|2012|p=7}} It was founded {{cvt|1480|meters|feet}} above sea level at the apex of three hill ranges that converge in a Y form, {{cvt|200|meters|feet}} above the surrounding Betsimitatatra paddy fields and the grassy plains beyond. The city gradually spread out from this central point to cover the hillsides; by the late 19th century it had expanded to the flat terrain at the base of the hills. These plains are susceptible to flooding during the rainy season; they are drained by the Ikopa River, which skirts the capital to the south and west. The western slopes and plains, being best protected from cyclone winds originating over the Indian Ocean, were settled before those to the east.{{sfn|Shillington|2004|p=158}}

Greater Antananarivo is a continuous, urbanized area spreading beyond the city's official boundaries for {{cvt|9|km|miles}} north to south between Ambohimanarina and Ankadimbahoaka, and {{cvt|6|km|miles}} west to east between the Ikopa River dike and Tsiadana.{{sfn|Fournet-Guérin|2007|p=153}} The population of the greater Antananarivo area was estimated at 3 million people in 2012; it is expected to rise to 6&nbsp;million by 2030.<ref name = 2012report/>

===Climate===
Under the [[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system]], Antananarivo has a [[humid subtropical climate]] with dry season defined (''Cwa'', bordering on ''Cwb''), characterized by mild, dry winters and warm, rainy summers.{{sfn|UN-Habitat|2012|p = 7}} The city receives nearly all of its average annual rainfall between November and April. Frosts are rare in the city; they are more common at higher elevations. Daily mean temperatures range from {{cvt|22.1|C}} in December to {{cvt|15.6|C}} in July.

{{Weather box
|location = Antananarivo (1991–2020)
|metric first = y
|single line = y
|Jan record high C = 32.0
|Feb record high C = 31.5
|Mar record high C = 31.1
|Apr record high C = 30.9
|May record high C = 29.9
|Jun record high C = 27.4
|Jul record high C = 27.4
|Aug record high C = 29.4
|Sep record high C = 31.5
|Oct record high C = 32.9
|Nov record high C = 34.9
|Dec record high C = 32.2

|Jan high C = 26.4
|Feb high C = 26.3
|Mar high C = 26.2
|Apr high C = 25.5
|May high C = 23.5
|Jun high C = 21.3
|Jul high C = 20.4
|Aug high C = 21.6
|Sep high C = 23.9
|Oct high C = 26.0
|Nov high C = 27.1
|Dec high C = 27.1
|year high C = 24.6

|Jan mean C = 21.9
|Feb mean C = 21.9
|Mar mean C = 21.7
|Apr mean C = 20.7
|May mean C = 18.8
|Jun mean C = 16.5
|Jul mean C = 15.6
|Aug mean C = 16.3
|Sep mean C = 18.0
|Oct mean C = 20.2
|Nov mean C = 21.5
|Dec mean C = 22.1
|year mean C = 19.6

|Jan low C = 17.4
|Feb low C = 17.5
|Mar low C = 17.2
|Apr low C = 15.9
|May low C = 14.0
|Jun low C = 11.6
|Jul low C = 10.7
|Aug low C = 10.9
|Sep low C = 12.2
|Oct low C = 14.3
|Nov low C = 15.9
|Dec low C = 17.1
|year low C = 14.6

|Jan record low C = 12.8
|Feb record low C = 13.4
|Mar record low C = 12.1
|Apr record low C = 10.3
|May record low C = 6.8
|Jun record low C = 5.4
|Jul record low C = 5.0
|Aug record low C = 6.2
|Sep record low C = 6.0
|Oct record low C = 8.2
|Nov record low C = 9.6
|Dec record low C = 12.4

|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 312.3
|Feb precipitation mm = 236.6
|Mar precipitation mm = 156.2
|Apr precipitation mm = 44.6
|May precipitation mm = 14.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 5.5
|Jul precipitation mm = 6.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 5.4
|Sep precipitation mm = 7.5
|Oct precipitation mm = 39.3
|Nov precipitation mm = 117.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 226.0
|year precipitation mm = 1171.4

|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 16.8
|Feb precipitation days = 14.3
|Mar precipitation days = 11.0
|Apr precipitation days = 4.4
|May precipitation days = 2.0
|Jun precipitation days = 1.4
|Jul precipitation days = 0.9
|Aug precipitation days = 1.1
|Sep precipitation days = 1.0
|Oct precipitation days = 4.3
|Nov precipitation days = 9.0
|Dec precipitation days = 13.6
|year precipitation days = 79.8

|Jan humidity = 79
|Feb humidity = 80
|Mar humidity = 79
|Apr humidity = 77
|May humidity = 77
|Jun humidity = 77
|Jul humidity = 76
|Aug humidity = 74
|Sep humidity = 70
|Oct humidity = 69
|Nov humidity = 71
|Dec humidity = 77

|Jan sun = 210.5
|Feb sun = 178.0
|Mar sun = 199.1
|Apr sun = 220.5
|May sun = 228.8
|Jun sun = 206.1
|Jul sun = 213.9
|Aug sun = 235.0
|Sep sun = 249.5
|Oct sun = 251.0
|Nov sun = 232.7
|Dec sun = 201.1
|year sun = 2626.2
| source 1 = NOAA (sun, 1961-1990)<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917215726/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Madagascar/CSV/ANTANANARIVO_67085.csv |archive-date=17 September 2023 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Madagascar/CSV/ANTANANARIVO_67085.csv |title=Antananarivo Climate Normals 1991–2020 |work=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date=17 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="NOAA">{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/MG/67083.TXT |title=Antananarivo Climate Normals 1961–1990 (Sunhours) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref>

| source 2 = ''Pogoda'' (humidity, 1981-2010)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate2/67083.htm |title=Antananarivo Climate Normals 1981–2010 (Humidity) |publisher=.pogodaiklimat |access-date=4 May 2016 |archive-date=November 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104084649/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate2/67083.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

|date=May 2016}}