Editing Anne of Denmark (section)

===Custody of Prince Henry===

Anne soon learned that she would have no say in her son's care. James appointed as head of the nursery his former nurse [[Helen Littil|Helen Little]], who installed Henry in James's own oak cradle.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=47}} Most distressingly for Anne, James insisted on placing Prince Henry in the custody of [[John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1558–1634)|John Erskine]], [[Earl of Mar]] at [[Stirling Castle]], in keeping with Scottish royal tradition.{{Sfnmp|1a1=Croft|1y=2003|1p=24|1loc="Her anger and distress at the removal of her first child were never entirely assuaged."|2a1=Williams|2y=1970|2p=52, 53|2loc="...&nbsp;a struggle with her husband of such bitterness that it wrecked her married life."}}{{Efn|The [[Earls of Mar]] were the traditional custodians of the heirs to the Scottish throne.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=140}}}}
[[File:PrinceHenry.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales|Prince Henry Stuart]], c.&nbsp;1608, by [[Robert Peake the Elder]]]]
In late 1594, she began a furious campaign for custody of Henry, recruiting a faction of supporters to her cause, including the [[Lord Chancellor of Scotland|chancellor]], John Maitland of Thirlestane.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=140–141}}{{Efn|Williams suggests that Maitland was playing a double game: though he shared Anne's enmity towards Mar, he secretly urged James not to give way to her.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=53–57}}}} Nervous of the lengths to which Anne might go, James formally charged Mar in writing never to surrender Henry to anyone except on orders from his own mouth, "because in the surety of my son consists my surety", nor to yield Henry to the Queen even in the event of his own death.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=141}} "And in case God call me at any time see that neither for the Queen nor Estates, their pleasure, you deliver him till he be eighteen years of age, and that he command you himself."{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=55}} Anne demanded the matter be referred to the Council, but James would not hear of it.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=54}} The issue remained unresolved and James went north after the [[Battle of Glenlivet]]. He wrote to Anne inviting her to join him as he tried to discover the whereabouts of rebel lords. She did not make the journey.{{Sfnp|Akrigg|1984|pp=138–139}}

The controversy over the prince continued, with public scenes in which James reduced her to rage and tears over the issue.{{Efn|In May 1595 Anne desperately pleaded with James to be allowed custody of Henry, complaining that "it was an ill return to refuse her suit, founded on reason and nature, and to prefer giving the care of her babe to a subject who neither in rank nor deserving was the best his Majesty had." The King countered that "though he doubted nothing of her good intentions yet if some faction got strong enough, she could not hinder his boy being used against him, as he himself had been against his unfortunate mother."<ref>{{Harvp|Williams|1970|p=54}}, quoting from {{Harvp|Birch|1754|p=243}}</ref>}} Anne became so bitterly upset that in July 1595 she suffered a miscarriage.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=56}} Thereafter, she outwardly abandoned her campaign, but it was thought permanent damage had been done to the marriage. In August 1595, [[John Colville (c. 1540–1605)|John Colville]] wrote: "There is nothing but lurking hatred disguised with cunning dissimulation betwixt the King and the Queen, each intending by slight to overcome the other."{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=141}} Despite these differences, Anne and James visited the Prince at Stirling in December 1595 and returned to [[Holyrood Palace]] to celebrate her 21st birthday.{{Sfnp|Calendar of State Papers Scotland vol. 11|pp=88–89}}

They had six more children. It was said, in May 1597, that Anne was "careful of no other thing, but to dance and sport".<ref>{{Cite book |first=Joseph |last=Bain |title=Border Papers |volume=2 |publisher=Edinburgh |date=1896 |page=321 no. 627}}</ref> Anne extended and rebuilt [[Dunfermline Palace]], in 1601 preparing a lodging for her daughter [[Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia|Princess Elizabeth]], but the princess remained at [[Linlithgow Palace]] on the king's orders. Her younger sons [[Charles I of England|Charles]] and [[Robert Stuart, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne|Robert]] were allowed to stay with her at Dunfermline and [[Dalkeith Palace]].{{Sfnp|Calendar of State Papers Scotland vol. 13|p=895}}

In February 1603, the French ambassador in London, [[Christophe de Harlay, Count of Beaumont]], reported a rumour spread by James's friends that Anne was cruel and ambitious, hoping to rule Scotland as Regent or Governor for her son after her husband's death.<ref>Jean Baptiste Alexandre Théodore Teulet, ''Relations Politiques de la France Et de L'Espagne Avec L'Ecosse'', vol. 4 (Paris, 1862), pp. 279–280: [[John Hill Burton]], ''History of Scotland'' vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1873), p. 381.</ref> Anne saw a belated opportunity to gain custody of Henry in 1603 when James left for London with the Earl of Mar to assume the English throne following the death of [[Elizabeth I]]. At his departure James made a tender public farewell to his wife.{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=160}}{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|pp=70–71}} Pregnant at the time, Anne descended on Stirling with a force of "well-supported" nobles, intent on removing the nine-year-old Henry, whom she had hardly seen for five years; but [[Marie Stewart, Countess of Mar|Mar's wife]] and his [[John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1585–1654)|young son]] would allow her to bring no more than two attendants with her into the castle.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=169–172}} The obduracy of Henry's keepers sent Anne into such a fury that she suffered another miscarriage: according to [[David Calderwood]], she "went to bed in anger and parted with child the tenth of May."{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=169}}{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=70}}{{Efn|Foreign commentators in London passed on rumours about the miscarriage: the Venetian ambassador reported that Anne had beaten her belly to induce it, the French [[Maximilien de Béthune, duc de Sully]], that she had faked the miscarriage for political effect.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=169}}{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=71}}{{Sfnp|McManus|2002|p=91}}}}

When the Earl of Mar returned with James's instructions that Anne join him in the [[Kingdom of England]], she informed James by letter that she refused to do so unless allowed custody of Henry. James's reply indicates that Anne had accused him of not loving her, of only marrying her because of her high birth, and of listening to rumours that she might turn [[Catholic]]: "I thank God," he wrote, "I carry that love and respect unto you which by the law of God and nature I ought to do my wife and mother of my children, but not for ye are a King's daughter, for whether ye were a King's or a cook's daughter ye must be all alike to me, being once my wife." And he swore "upon the peril of my salvation and damnation, that neither the [[Earl of Mar]] nor any flesh living ever informed me that ye was upon any [[papist]] or Spanish course."{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=170}} This "forceful maternal action", as historian [[Pauline Croft]] describes it, obliged James to climb down at last, though he reproved Anne for "[[wikt:froward|froward]] womanly apprehensions" and described her behaviour in a letter to Mar as "wilfulness".{{Sfnp|Croft|2003|page=55}}{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=160}}{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=71}} Both Barroll and McManus point out that Anne's actions were political as well as maternal; Barroll and McManus elaborate diplomacy and politics went into the hand-over: the governing Council met at [[Stirling]] and banned Anne's noble attendants from coming within {{convert|10|mi|km|spell=in}} of Henry;{{Sfnmp|1a1=Barroll|1y=2001|1p=30|2a1=McManus|2y=2002|2p=81}} Mar delivered Henry to [[Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox]], representing the king; Lennox delivered him to the Council; the Council handed him over to Anne and Lennox, who were to take him south together.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|pp= 170–171}} As the Queen travelled south, [[John Graham, 3rd Earl of Montrose]], wrote to James urging him to exercise greater control over her: "But lest Her Highness' wrath continuing, should hereafter produce unexpected tortures, I would most humbly entreat Your Majesty to prevent the same&nbsp;... and suffer not this canker or corruption to have any further progress."{{Sfnp|Barroll|2001|p=33}}

James wrote to Anne that he had not received accusations from Mar's supporters that her actions at Stirling were motivated by religious factionalism or "Spanish courses". He reminded her that she was "a king's daughter" but "whether ye a king's or a cook's daughter, ye must be all alike to me, being once my wife", and so she should have respected the confidence he, her husband, had placed in Mar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Halliwell |first=James Orchard |author-link=James Halliwell-Phillipps |title=Letters of the Kings of England |date=1846 |publisher=London |volume=2 |pages=106–108}}</ref> The French ambassador in London, [[Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully]], heard that Anne would bring and exhibit her embalmed still-born male child in England in order to dispel false rumours about a plot.<ref>''Memoirs of the Duke of Sully'', vol. 2 (London, 1890), p. 357.</ref>{{Sfnp|McManus|2002|p=91}}