Editing Angina (section)

===Major risk factors===
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{{citation needed|reason=previous source was not relevant|date=March 2016}}
* Age (≥ 45 years for men, ≥ 55 for women)
* [[Smoking]]
* [[Diabetes mellitus]]
* [[Dyslipidemia]]
* Family history of premature [[cardiovascular disease]] (males <55 years, females <65 years old)
* [[Hypertension]]
* [[Kidney disease]] ([[microalbuminuria]] or [[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]]<60 mL/min)
* [[Obesity]] ([[Body mass index|BMI]] ≥ 30&nbsp;kg/m2)
* [[Physical inactivity]]
* Prolonged [[psychosocial]] [[stress (psychological)|stress]]<ref name="pmid8615707">{{cite journal | vauthors = Linden W, Stossel C, Maurice J | title = Psychosocial interventions for patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis | journal = Archives of Internal Medicine | volume = 156 | issue = 7 | pages = 745–52 | date = April 1996 | pmid = 8615707 | doi = 10.1001/archinte.1996.00440070065008 }}</ref>
}}
Routine counseling of adults by physicians to advise them to improve their diet and increase their physical activity has, in general, been found to induce only small changes in actual behavior. Therefore, as of 2012, [[The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force]] does not recommend routine lifestyle counseling of all patients without known cardiovascular disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or diabetes, and instead recommends selectively counseling only those patients who seem most ready to make lifestyle changes and using available time with other patients to explore other types of intervention that would be more likely to have a preventative impact.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moyer VA | title = Behavioral counseling interventions to promote a healthful diet and physical activity for cardiovascular disease prevention in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 157 | issue = 5 | pages = 367–71 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22733153 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-157-5-201209040-00486 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

; Conditions that exacerbate or provoke angina<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Wells B, DiPiro J, Schwinghammer T, DiPiro C |year=2008 |title=Pharmacotherapy Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/pharmacotherapyh00well_572 |url-access=limited |edition=7th |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |page=[https://archive.org/details/pharmacotherapyh00well_572/page/n152 140] |isbn=978-0-07-148501-2}}</ref>
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* [[Medications]]
** [[Vasodilation|Vasodilators]]
** Excessive [[thyroid hormone replacement]]
* [[Vasoconstrictor]]s
* [[Polycythemia]], which thickens the blood, slowing its flow through the heart muscle
* [[Hypothermia]]
* [[Hypervolemia]]
* [[Hypovolemia]]
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One study found that [[Tobacco smoking|smokers]] with coronary artery disease had a significantly increased level of [[sympathetic nervous system|sympathetic nerve]] activity when compared to those without. This is in addition to increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and peripheral vascular resistance associated with nicotine, which may lead to recurrent angina attacks. In addition, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) reports that the risk of CHD (Coronary heart disease), stroke, and [[Peripheral vascular disease|PVD (Peripheral vascular disease)]] is reduced within 1–2 years of smoking cessation. In another study, it was found that, after one year, the prevalence of angina in smokingmales under 60 after an initial attack was 40% less in those having quit smoking compared to those that continued.  Studies have found that there are short-term and long-term benefits to smoking cessation.<ref>{{cite web |publisher= U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=Health Benefits of Cessation |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/cessation/quitting/index.htm |date=January 3, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Daly LE, Graham IM, Hickey N, Mulcahy R | title = Does stopping smoking delay onset of angina after infarction? | journal = British Medical Journal | volume = 291 | issue = 6500 | pages = 935–7 | date = October 1985 | pmid = 3929970 | pmc = 1417185 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.291.6500.935 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Daly LE, Mulcahy R, Graham IM, Hickey N | title = Long term effect on mortality of stopping smoking after unstable angina and myocardial infarction | journal = British Medical Journal | volume = 287 | issue = 6388 | pages = 324–6 | date = July 1983 | pmid = 6409291 | pmc = 1548591 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.287.6388.324 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shinozaki N, Yuasa T, Takata S | title = Cigarette smoking augments sympathetic nerve activity in patients with coronary heart disease | journal = International Heart Journal | volume = 49 | issue = 3 | pages = 261–72 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18612184 | doi = 10.1536/ihj.49.261 | doi-access = free }}</ref>