Editing Andrew Jackson (section)

===Planting career and slavery===
{{main|Andrew Jackson and slavery}}
{{further|Andrew Jackson and the slave trade in the United States}}

[[File:The Hermitage cabins 2022h.jpg|thumb|Reconstruction of one of the enslaved quarters at the [[Hermitage, Tennessee|Hermitage]] |alt= Two-door wooden cabin with stone fireplace and no windows]]

Jackson resigned his judgeship in 1804.{{sfn|Wilentz|2005|p=21}} He had almost gone bankrupt when the land and mercantile speculations he had made on the basis of [[promissory notes]] fell apart in the wake of the [[Panic of 1796–1797]].{{sfnm|Howe|2007|1p=375|Sellers|1954|2pp=76–77}} He had to sell Hunter's Hill, as well as {{convert|25,000|acres|ha|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} of land he bought for speculation and bought a smaller {{convert|420|acre|0|sigfig=2|abbr=on|adj=on}} plantation near Nashville that he would call the Hermitage.{{sfn|Remini|1977|pp=131–132}} He focused on recovering from his losses by becoming a successful [[Planter class|planter]] and [[merchant]].{{sfn|Remini|1977|pp=131–132}} The Hermitage grew to {{convert|1000|acres|ha|sigfig=2|abbr=on}},{{sfn|Remini|1977|p=379}} making it one of the largest cotton-growing plantations in the state.{{sfn|Wilentz|2005|p=21}}

Like most planters in the [[Southern United States]], Jackson used [[Slavery in the United States|slave labor]]. In 1804, Jackson had nine [[African Americans|African American]] slaves; by 1820, he had over 100; and by his death in 1845, he had over 150.<ref name="Hermitage_Slavery_2011">{{cite web|title=Andrew Jackson's Enslaved Laborers|url=http://www.thehermitage.com/mansion-grounds/farm/slavery |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912055314/http://www.thehermitage.com/mansion-grounds/farm/slavery|archive-date=September 12, 2014|access-date=April 13, 2017|publisher=The Hermitage}}</ref> Over his lifetime, he owned a total of 300 slaves.<ref>{{cite web|title=Enslaved Families: Understanding the Enslaved Families at the Hermitage|url=https://thehermitage.com/learn/slavery/enslaved-families/|website=thehermitage.com|ref=Enslaved Families Understanding the Enslaved Families at The Hermitage|access-date=August 23, 2022|archive-date=June 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618122940/https://thehermitage.com/learn/slavery/enslaved-families/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jackson subscribed to the [[Paternalism|paternalistic]] idea of slavery, which claimed that slave ownership was morally acceptable as long as slaves were treated with humanity and their basic needs were cared for.{{sfn|Warshauer|2006|p=224}} In practice, slaves were treated as a form of wealth whose productivity needed to be protected.{{sfn|Cheathem|2011|p=328–329}} Jackson directed harsh punishment for slaves who disobeyed or ran away.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last1=Feller|first1=Daniel|author-link=Daniel Feller|last2=Mullin|first2=Marsha|date=August 1, 2019|title=The Enslaved Household of President Andrew Jackson|url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/slavery-in-the-andrew-jackson-white-house|website=[[White House Historical Association]]}}</ref> For example, in an 1804 advertisement to recover a runaway slave, he offered "ten dollars extra, for every hundred lashes any person will give him" up to three hundred lashes—a number that would likely have been fatal.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Brown|first=DeNeen L.|date=May 1, 2017|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/04/11/hunting-down-runaway-slaves-the-cruel-ads-of-andrew-jackson-and-the-master-class|title=Hunting down runaway slaves: The cruel ads of Andrew Jackson and 'the master class'|newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411204030/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/04/11/hunting-down-runaway-slaves-the-cruel-ads-of-andrew-jackson-and-the-master-class/|archive-date=April 11, 2017}}</ref> Over time, his accumulation of wealth in both slaves and land placed him among the elite families of Tennessee.{{sfn|Meacham|2008|p=35}}