Editing Almaty (section)

===Soviet era===
[[File:Opera in Almaty.JPG|thumb|227x227px|The Almaty Opera Building]]In 1918 following the Russian Revolution and the establishment of the Bolshevik government, [[Soviet (council)|Soviet]] power was established in Verny. The city and the region became part of the [[Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] (RSFSR).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Как переносили столицу из Кзыл-Орды в Алма-Ату – Аналитический интернет-журнал Vласть |url=https://vlast.kz/istorija/30916-kak-perenosili-stolicu-iz-kzyl-ordy-v-alma-atu.html |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=vlast.kz |language=ru |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412104654/https://vlast.kz/istorija/30916-kak-perenosili-stolicu-iz-kzyl-ordy-v-alma-atu.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 5 February 1921, Verny was renamed Alma-Ata, one of the city's ancient names, by a joint consultation of regional government representatives, professional trade associations, and local faith-based groups.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ахметов |first=Альберт |date=5 February 2021 |title=100 лет назад Верный стал Алма-Атой: Как это было |url=https://www.zakon.kz/5056817-100-let-nazad-vernyy-stal-alma-atoy-kak.html |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=zakon.kz |language=ru |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309165548/https://www.zakon.kz/5056817-100-let-nazad-vernyy-stal-alma-atoy-kak.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1926, the Council of Labor and Defence approved the construction of the [[Turkestan–Siberia Railway]] that was a crucial element of the future growth of Kazakhstan, especially in the east and southeast of the region. The Turkestan–Siberia Railway construction also had a decisive economic impact that strongly influenced the destiny of Alma-Ata as the capital of the [[Kazakh ASSR]]. In 1930 the construction of the highway and railway to Alma-Ata was completed.<ref name=":0" />

On 29 April 1927, the government decided to transfer the capital of the [[Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] from [[Kyzyl-Orda]] to Alma-Ata, within the RFSFR.<ref name=":0" /> This attracted more trade and people working with the government, stimulating intensive development in the city.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

On 31 January 1928, [[Leon Trotsky]], leader of the 1917 [[October Revolution]], accompanied by his wife [[Natalia Sedova]] and his son [[Lev Sedov]], was exiled to Alma-Ata by [[Joseph Stalin]], then head of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] in Moscow. Trotsky was expelled from Alma-Ata to Turkey in February 1929 and went into exile in Mexico City.

The Alma-Ata airport was opened in 1930,<ref>{{Cite web |title=История авиации Алматы.Теги: обсуждение истории развития; изучение биографии авиаторов; история авиации. |url=http://aviaengeneer.ru/istoriya-aviatcii-almaty |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=aviaengeneer.ru |language=ru-RU |archive-date=4 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704043821/http://aviaengeneer.ru/istoriya-aviatcii-almaty |url-status=live }}</ref> opening up a direct connection from Alma-Ata to [[Moscow]], the center of the [[Government of the Soviet Union|Soviet government]]. Alma-Ata became the main entry by air to [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakhstan]], a status which it retains today. Transformation of this small town into the capital of the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh SSR]] was accelerated by the large-scale construction of new administrative and government facilities and housing. The [[Great Purge]] of 1936–38 extended to [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakhstan]], where numerous intellectuals, activists, leaders, teachers and others were killed. [[Government of the Soviet Union|The Soviet government]] dominated the population. During the 1930s [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] nomads suffered [[Kazakh famine of 1931–1933|starvation]] after disruption of their traditional living patterns. (see: [[Kazakh famine of 1931–1933|Asharshylyq]])

In 1936 the Architecture and Planning Bureau developed a plan to enhance Alma-Ata as the new cultural capital of the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh SSR]]. The plan was based on the existing rectangular system of districts. They were to be strengthened and reconstructed.

====World War II====
During [[World War II]] the government dramatically affected the city's population and structures. To better organize the home front and concentrate industrial and material resources, the government evacuated 26,000 people and numerous industries from the European theatre of war.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Эвакуация населения и промышленности из западныз районов СССР в Северо-Казахстанскую область (1941-1943 гг.) |url=https://e-history.kz/ru/history-of-kazakhstan/show/9274/ |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=e-history.kz |date=10 October 2013 |language=ru |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412083759/https://e-history.kz/ru/history-of-kazakhstan/show/9274/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Alma-Ata hosted over 30 industrial facilities removed from the European section of [[Soviet Union|the USSR]], eight evacuated hospitals, 15 institutes, universities and technical schools; and around 20 cultural institutions. [[Motion picture production company|Motion picture production companies]] from [[Leningrad]], [[Kyiv]], and [[Moscow]] were also moved to Alma-Ata at this time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=История театра {{!}} Государственный театр кукол |url=https://puppet.kz/ru/about/history |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=puppet.kz |language=ru |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411184510/https://puppet.kz/ru/about/history |url-status=live }}</ref> This brought in so many [[Russians|ethnic Russians]] that the [[Kazakhs]] became a [[Minority group|minority]] in the region.

====Industrialization ====
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2012}}

During the years 1941–1945 the industrial potential of the city increased significantly. Development increased during the postwar years. The population of the city grew from 104,000 in 1919 to 365,000 in 1968. By 1967 the city had 145 enterprises, with the bulk of these being light and food industries.

The main industries in Alma-Ata were: food processing (36% of gross industrial output), based largely on locally abundant fruit and vegetable raw materials, light industry (31%), and heavy industry (33%). The main products of the region were:
* '''Food:''' Meat, flour and cereals (pasta factory), milk, [[wine]]s, canned fruit, tobacco, confectionery, alcoholic spirits, [[beer]], yeast, and tea (packaging)
* '''Light industry:''' textiles, fur, knitting, [[carpet]]s, footwear, apparel, printing, and the Almaty Cotton combine.
* '''Heavy industry:''' electrical engineering, foundry engineering, car repair, bearing repair, building materials, woodworking, concrete structures and structural elements, and housebuilding.

====Urban development====
[[File:International conference on Primary Health Care - Conferencia Internacional sobre Atención Primaria de Salud - Almaty -1978.jpg|thumb|227x227px|
The International conference on Primary Health Care in 1978, known as the Alma-Ata Declaration
]]
From 1966 to 1971, 1,400,000 square metres of [[Public housing|public]] and [[Housing cooperative|cooperative housing]] were built. Annually, around 300,000 square metres of dwellings were under construction. Most of the buildings constructed during this time were [[Seismic analysis|earthquake-proof]] multi-story buildings. The Soviet government tried to diversify architectural forms to create a more varied cityscape. During this period, many schools, hospitals, cultural, and entertainment facilities were constructed, including Lenin's Palace, the [[Hotel Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan Hotel]], and the [[Medeo]] Sports Complex.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Спортивный комплекс Медеу в Алматы |url=http://alnaz.ru/almaty/medeu.html |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=alnaz.ru |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110124/http://alnaz.ru/almaty/medeu.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The supersonic transport [[Tupolev]] [[Tu-144]] went into service on 26 December 1975, carrying mail and freight between Moscow and Alma-Ata in preparation for passenger services; these began in November 1977. The Aeroflot flight on 1 June 1978 was the 55th and last scheduled passenger flight of the Tu-144.

Alma-Ata was the host city for a 1978 international conference on [[Primary Health Care]]. The [[Alma Ata Declaration]] was adopted, marking a paradigm shift in global public health.

On 16 December 1986, the [[Jeltoqsan]] riot took place in the [[Republic Square, Almaty|Brezhnev Square]] (now Republic Square) in response to General Secretary [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]'s dismissal of [[Dinmukhamed Kunayev]].<ref>"Nationalist riots in Kazakhstan: Violent nationalist riots erupted in Alma-Ata, the capital of Kazakhstan, on 17 and 18 December 1986"</ref>

On 7 September 1988, the subway [[Almaty Metro]] project started construction; the subway was opened on 1 December 2011 after 23 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zakon.kz/site_main_news/4460872-v-almaty-otkrylsja-metropoliten.html |title=В Алматы открылся Метрополитен (фото) |date=December 2011 |publisher=Zakon.kz |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132616/http://www.zakon.kz/site_main_news/4460872-v-almaty-otkrylsja-metropoliten.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>