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===Charles's law=== From 1787 to 1802, it was determined by [[Jacques Charles]] (unpublished), [[John Dalton]],<ref>J. Dalton (1802), [https://books.google.com/books?id=3qdJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA595 "Essay II. On the force of steam or vapour from water and various other liquids, both in vacuum and in air" and Essay IV. "On the expansion of elastic fluids by heat" ], ''Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester'', vol. 8, pt. 2, pp. 550β574, 595β602.</ref> and [[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Gay-Lussac, J. L. |title=Recherches sur la dilatation des gaz et des vapeurs |work=Annales de Chimie |volume=XLIII |page=137 |year=1802 |author-link=Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac}}. [http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/gaygas.html English translation (extract).]</ref> that, at constant pressure, ideal gases expanded or contracted their volume linearly ([[Charles's law]]) by about 1/273 parts per degree Celsius of temperature's change up or down, between 0Β° and 100Β° C. This suggested that the volume of a gas cooled at about β273 Β°C would reach zero.
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