Editing Abel Tasman (section)

====New Zealand====
[[File:Gilsemans 1642.jpg|thumb|Murderers' Bay, drawing by [[Isaack Gilsemans]]<ref name="govt">{{cite web|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/history/2/1|title=A view of the Murderers' Bay &ndash; History &ndash; Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|publisher=teara.govt.nz|access-date=31 August 2015|archive-date=5 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205054955/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/history/2/1|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[File:DanceMaori.jpg|thumb|Māori [[haka]]]]
[[File:Tasman-dagboek-b.jpg|thumb|[[Tongatapu]], the main island of [[Tonga]]; drawing by [[Isaack Gilsemans]]]]
[[File:Tasman-dagboek-a.jpg|thumb|The bay of Tongatapu with the two ships; drawing by Isaack Gilsemans]]

Tasman had intended to proceed in a northerly direction but as the wind was unfavourable he steered east. The expedition endured a rough voyage and in one of his diary entries Tasman claimed that his compass was the only thing that had kept him alive.

On 13 December 1642 Tasman and his crew became the first Europeans to reach New Zealand when they sighted the north-west coast of the [[South Island]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/european-discovery-of-new-zealand/2 | title=European discovery of New Zealand | publisher=Encyclopedia of New Zealand | date=4 March 2009 | access-date=9 December 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101110165647/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/european-discovery-of-new-zealand/2| archive-date= 10 November 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> Tasman named it ''Staten Landt'' "in honour of the [[States General of the Netherlands|States General]]" (Dutch parliament).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz//tm/scholarly/tei-Stout44-t2-body-d1-d1.html|title= The Pamphlet Collection of Sir Robert Stout: Volume 44. Chapter 1, Discovery and Settlement|author= John Bathgate|publisher= NZETC|quote= He named the country Staaten Land, in honour of the States-General of Holland, in the belief that it was part of the great southern continent.|access-date= 17 August 2018|archive-date= 24 July 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200724203829/http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz//tm/scholarly/tei-Stout44-t2-body-d1-d1.html|url-status= live}}</ref> He wrote, "it is possible that this land joins to the Staten Landt but it is uncertain",<ref>{{cite web |url= http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0600611.txt |title= Journal or Description by me ''Abel Jansz Tasman'', Of a Voyage from ''Batavia'' for making Discoveries of the ''Unknown South Land'' in the year 1642. |access-date= 26 March 2018 |first= Abel |last= Tasman |via= Project Gutenberg Australia |archive-date= 8 October 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201008113814/http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0600611.txt |url-status= live }}</ref> referring to [[Isla de los Estados]], a landmass of the same name at the southern tip of South America, encountered by the Dutch navigator [[Jacob Le Maire]] in 1616.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first=John|last=Wilson|title=European discovery of New Zealand – Tasman's achievement|encyclopedia=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]|date=March 2009|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/european-discovery-of-new-zealand/3|access-date=24 January 2011|archive-date=6 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106180047/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/european-discovery-of-new-zealand/3|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in 1643 [[Hendrik Brouwer|Brouwer's]] [[Dutch expedition to Valdivia|expedition to Valdivia]] found out that Staaten Landt was separated by sea from the hypothetical Southern Land.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Kris E. |title=Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas 1500–1750 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRgFqADzOLkC&q=Brouwer |year=1998 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |location=Armonk, N.Y. |isbn=978-0-76560-256-5|page=88 }}</ref><ref name=Kock>{{cite web|first=Robbert|last=Kock|url=http://www.colonialvoyage.com/dutchchile.html|title=Dutch in Chile|publisher=Colonial Voyage.com|access-date=23 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229232448/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/dutch-chile/|archive-date=29 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last= Barros Arana | first= Diego | author-link1 = Diego Barros Arana | title= Historia General de Chile | volume = IV| url=http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-7988.html | year= 2000 | orig-year= 1884 | edition=2 | publisher=[[Editorial Universitaria]] | location = Santiago, Chile | isbn = 956-11-1535-2 | language = es | page=280 | archive-date = 31 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831094925/http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-7988.html | url-status=live}}</ref> Tasman continued: "We believe that this is the mainland coast of the unknown Southland."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tasman |first1=Abel Jansz |title=The Huydecoper Journal, 1642–1643 |publisher=Mitchell Library, SLNSW |location=Sydney |page=43}}</ref> Tasman thought he had found the western side of the long-imagined [[Terra Australis|''Terra Australis'']] that stretched across the Pacific to near the southern tip of South America.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cameron-Ash |first1=M. |title=Lying for the Admiralty |date=2018 |publisher=Rosenberg |location=Sydney |isbn=9780648043966 |pages=21–22}}</ref> On 14 December 1642 Tasman's ships anchored 7 km offshore c. 20km south of Cape Foulwind near Greymouth. The ships were observed by Māori who named a place on this coast Tiropahi (the place were a large sailing ship was seen).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mack |first=Rudiger |title=First Encounters. The Early Pacific and European Narratives of Abel Tasman's 1642 Voyage |publisher=Heritage Press |year=2024 |isbn=9781991097002 |edition= |location=Feilding, New Zealand |publication-date=2024 |pages=47–49 |language=English}}</ref>

After sailing north then east for five days, the expedition anchored about {{convert|7|km}} from the coast off what is now [[Golden Bay / Mohua|Golden Bay]]. A group of [[Māori people|Māori]] paddled out in a [[waka (canoe)|waka]] (canoe) and attacked some sailors who were rowing between the two Dutch vessels. Four sailors were clubbed to death with [[patu]].<ref name = "Moon">{{cite book |last1=Moon |first1=Paul |title=Turning Points |date=2013 |publisher=New Holland |isbn=978-1-86966-379-7 |page=19}}</ref>{{blockquote|In the evening about one hour after sunset we saw many lights on land and four vessels near the shore, two of which betook themselves towards us. When our two boats returned to the ships reporting that they had found not less than thirteen fathoms of water, and with the sinking of the sun (which sank behind the high land) they had been still about half a mile from the shore. After our people had been on board about one glass, people in the two canoes began to call out to us in gruff, hollow voices. We could not in the least understand any of it; however, when they called out again several times we called back to them as a token answer. But they did not come nearer than a stone's shot. They also blew many times on an instrument, which produced a sound like the moors' trumpets. We had one of our sailors (who could play somewhat on the trumpet) play some tunes to them in answer."<ref name="abeltasman.org"/>}} As Tasman sailed out of the bay he observed 22 waka near the shore, of which "eleven swarming with people came off towards us". The waka approached the ''Zeehaen'' which fired and hit a man in the largest waka holding a small white flag. [[Canister shot]] also hit the side of a waka.<ref name="abeltasman.org"/><ref>Diary of Abel Tasman pp. 21–22. Random House. 2008</ref> Archaeologist Ian Barber suggests that local Māori were trying to secure a cultivation field under ritual protection (tapu) where they believed the Dutch were attempting to land. December was at the mid-point of the locally important sweet potato/kūmara (''Ipomoea batatas'') growing season.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Barber | first=Ian | title=Gardens of Rongo: Applying Cross-Field Anthropology to Explain Contact Violence in New Zealand | journal=Current Anthropology | publisher=University of Chicago Press | volume=53 | issue=6 | year=2012 | issn=0011-3204 | doi=10.1086/667834 | pages=799–808}}</ref> Tasman named the area "Murderers' Bay".<ref name= "Moon"/>

The expedition then sailed north, sighting [[Cook Strait]], which separates the North and South Islands of New Zealand, and which it mistook for a [[bight (geography)|bight]] and named "Zeehaen's Bight". Two names that the expedition gave to landmarks in the far north of New Zealand still endure: [[Cape Maria van Diemen]] and [[Three Kings Islands]]. (''Kaap Pieter Boreels'' was renamed [[Cape Egmont]] by Captain [[James Cook]] 125 years later.)