Editing A Clockwork Orange (novel) (section)

==Analysis==
===Background===
''A Clockwork Orange'' was written in [[Hove]], then a senescent English seaside town.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite interview |last=Ahmed |first=Samira |title=A Clockwork Orange – interview with Will Self |publisher=BBC |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/player/b01k9v1y |date=3 July 2012 |work=Nightwaves |access-date=31 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903144636/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/player/b01k9v1y |archive-date=3 September 2019}}</ref> Burgess had arrived back in Britain after his stint abroad to see that much had changed. A youth culture had developed, based around coffee bars, pop music and teenage gangs.<ref>A Clockwork Orange ([[Penguin Modern Classics]]) (Paperback) by Anthony Burgess, Blake Morrison xv</ref> England was gripped by fears over [[juvenile delinquency]].<ref name=autogenerated1/> Burgess stated that the novel's inspiration was his first wife Lynne's beating by a gang of drunk American servicemen stationed in England during [[World War II]]. She subsequently miscarried.<ref name=autogenerated1/><ref>Burgess, A. ''A Clockwork Orange'', Penguin UK, 2011, introduction by Blake Morrison, [https://books.google.com/books?id=qUI8pbpCNJUC&pg=PT17 page 17] : " his first wife, Lynne, was beaten, kicked and robbed in London by a gang of four GI deserters ".</ref> In its investigation of free will, the book's target is ostensibly the concept of [[behaviourism]], pioneered by such figures as [[B. F. Skinner]].<ref>''A Clockwork Orange'' (Hardback) by Anthony Burgess, [[Will Self]]</ref> Burgess later stated that he wrote the book in three weeks.<ref name=autogenerated1/>

===Title<!--linked from 'A Clockwork Orange (film)'-->===
Burgess has offered several clarifications about the meaning and origin of its title:
* He had overheard the phrase "as queer as a clockwork orange" in a London pub in 1945 and assumed it was a [[Cockney]] expression. In ''Clockwork Marmalade'', an essay published in the ''[[The Listener (magazine)|Listener]]'' in 1972, he said that he had heard the phrase several times since that occasion. He also explained the title in response to a question from [[William K. Everson|William Everson]] on the television programme ''[[Camera Three]]'' in 1972, {{blockquote |text = Well, the title has a very different meaning but only to a particular generation of London Cockneys. It's a phrase which I heard many years ago and so fell in love with, I wanted to use it, the title of the book. But the phrase itself I did not make up. The phrase "as queer as a clockwork orange" is good old East London slang and it didn't seem to me necessary to explain it. Now, obviously, I have to give it an extra meaning. I've implied an extra dimension. I've implied the junction of the organic, the lively, the sweet – in other words, life, the orange – and the mechanical, the cold, the disciplined. I've brought them together in this kind of [[oxymoron]], this sour-sweet word.
|author = Anthony Burgess
|title = An examination of Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejM3odcn3Tk#t=7m23s ''An examination of Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109093620/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejM3odcn3Tk=7m23s |date=9 November 2016}} ''Camera Three'': Creative Arts Television, 2010-08-04. '''(Video)'''</ref><ref>[http://www.malcolmtribute.freeiz.com/aco/review.html ''Clockwork Orange: A review with William Everson''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710224804/http://www.malcolmtribute.freeiz.com/aco/review.html |date=10 July 2012}}. Retrieved: 2012-03-11.</ref>}}

No other record of the expression being used before 1962 has ever appeared,<ref name=dexter>{{cite book |last=Dexter |first=Gary |title=Why Not Catch-21?: The Stories Behind the Titles |publisher=Frances Lincoln Ltd. |year=2008 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/whynotcatch2100gary/page/200 200–203] |url=https://archive.org/details/whynotcatch2100gary/page/200 |isbn=978-0-7112-2925-9}}</ref> with [[Kingsley Amis]] going so far as to note in his ''Memoirs'' (1991) that no trace of it appears in [[Eric Partridge]]'s ''Dictionary of Historical Slang''. However, saying "as queer as&nbsp;..." followed by an improbable object: "... a clockwork orange", or "... a four-speed walking stick" or "... a left-handed corkscrew" etc. predates Burgess's novel.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbcBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1811 |title=The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English |isbn=978-1-317-37252-3 |last1=Dalzell |first1=Tom |last2=Victor |first2=Terry |date=26 June 2015 |publisher=Routledge |access-date=30 June 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708011846/https://books.google.com/books?id=bbcBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1811 |archive-date=8 July 2020}}</ref> An early example, "as queer as Dick's hatband", appeared in 1796,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TbJKAAAAMAAJ&pg=PT184 |title=A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue |last1=Grose |first1=Francis |year=1796 |access-date=30 June 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711235412/https://books.google.com/books?id=TbJKAAAAMAAJ&pg=PT184 |archive-date=11 July 2020}}</ref> and was alluded to in 1757.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABw3AAAAMAAJ&q=dick's+hat+band&pg=PA152 |title=The Diarian Miscellany: Consisting of All the Useful and Entertaining Parts, Both Mathematical and Poetical, Extracted from the Ladies' Diary, from the Beginning of that Work in the Year 1704, Down to the End of the Year 1773. With Many Additional Solutions and Improvements |last1=Hutton |first1=Charles |year=1775}}</ref>
* His second explanation was that it was a pun on the Malay word ''orang'', meaning "man". The novella contains no other Malay words or links.<ref name=dexter/>
* In a prefatory note to ''A Clockwork Orange: A Play with Music'', he wrote that the title was a metaphor for "an organic entity, full of juice and sweetness and agreeable odour, being turned into a mechanism".<ref name=dexter/>
* In his essay ''Clockwork Oranges'', Burgess asserts that "this title would be appropriate for a story about the application of [[Ivan Pavlov|Pavlovian]] or mechanical laws to an organism which, like a fruit, was capable of colour and sweetness".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burgess |first1=Anthony |title=1985 |date=2013 |publisher=Profile Books |isbn=978-1-84765-893-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dB-zMYQJR0C&pg=PT86 |language=en |access-date=30 June 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225000135/https://books.google.com/books?id=4dB-zMYQJR0C&pg=PT86 |archive-date=25 February 2021}}</ref>
* While addressing the reader in a letter before some editions of the book, the author says that when a man ceases to have free will, they are no longer a man. "Just a clockwork orange", a shiny, appealing object, but "just a toy to be wound-up by either God or the Devil, or (what is increasingly replacing both) the State."

This title alludes to the protagonist's negative emotional responses to feelings of evil which prevent the exercise of his [[free will]] subsequent to the administration of the Ludovico Technique. To induce this conditioning, Alex is forced to watch scenes of violence on a screen that are [[operant conditioning|systematically paired]] with negative physical stimulation. The negative physical stimulation takes the form of [[nausea]] and "feelings of terror", which are caused by an [[emesis|emetic]] medicine administered just before the presentation of the films.<ref name=":1" />

In its original drafts, Burgess used the working title 'The Ludovico Technique,' as he himself described in the foreword in the April 1995 publication. Along with removing the 21st chapter as insisted by his publisher in the original 1962 edition, he would also change the finished product's name to its current title.

===Use of slang===<!--"Ultra-violence" redirects here, please update if renamed -->
{{Main|Nadsat}}
The book, narrated by Alex, contains many words in a slang argot which Burgess invented for the book, called Nadsat. It is a mix of modified [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] words, [[rhyming slang|Cockney rhyming slang]] and derived Russian (like ''baboochka''). For instance, these terms have the following meanings in Nadsat: ''droog'' (друг) = friend; ''moloko'' (молоко) = milk; ''gulliver'' (голова) = head; ''malchick'' (мальчик) or ''malchickiwick'' = boy; ''soomka'' (сумка) = sack or bag; ''Bog'' (Бог) = God; ''horrorshow'' (хорошо) = good; ''prestoopnick'' (преступник) = criminal; ''rooker'' (рука) = hand; ''cal'' (кал) = crap; ''veck'' (человек) = man or guy; ''litso'' (лицо) = face; ''malenky'' (маленький) = little; and so on. Some words Burgess invented himself or just adapted from existing languages. Compare [[Polari]].

One of Alex's doctors explains the language to a colleague as "odd bits of old rhyming slang; a bit of gypsy talk, too. But most of the roots are Slav propaganda. [[subliminal message|Subliminal]] penetration." Some words are not derived from anything, but merely easy to guess, e.g. "in-out, in-out" or "the old in-out" means sexual intercourse. ''Cutter'', however, means "money", because "cutter" rhymes with "bread-and-butter"; this is rhyming slang, which is intended to be impenetrable to outsiders (especially eavesdropping policemen). Additionally, slang like ''appypolly loggy'' ("apology") seems to derive from school boy slang. This reflects Alex's age of 15.

In the first edition of the book, no key was provided, and the reader was left to interpret the meaning from the context. In his appendix to the restored edition, Burgess explained that the slang would keep the book from seeming dated, and served to muffle "the raw response of pornography" from the acts of violence.

The term {{anchor|Ultraviolence}}"ultraviolence", referring to excessive or unjustified violence, was [[neologism|coined]] by Burgess in the book, which includes the phrase "do the ultra-violent". The term's association with [[aestheticization of violence|aesthetic violence]] has led to its use in the media.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Agence France-Presse |title=Gruesome 'Saw 4' slashes through North American box-office |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gKh4MPBUr7_ZFvg7tyPFe1IXCAXw |date=29 October 2007 |access-date=2008-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116054923/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gKh4MPBUr7_ZFvg7tyPFe1IXCAXw |archive-date=16 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Q&A With 'Hostel' Director Eli Roth and Quentin Tarantino |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |date=29 December 2005 |url=http://nymag.com/nymetro/movies/features/15436/ |access-date=2008-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109171639/http://nymag.com/nymetro/movies/features/15436/ |archive-date=9 January 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ADV Announces New Gantz Collection, Final Guyver & More: Nov 6 Releases |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2007-09-06/adv-announces-new-gantz-collection-final-guyver-and-more-nov-6-releases |access-date=2008-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205150753/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2007-09-06/adv-announces-new-gantz-collection-final-guyver-and-more-nov-6-releases |archive-date=5 February 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/10/30/eveningnews/eyeontech/main3433101.shtml |title="Manhunt 2": Most Violent Game Yet?, Critics Say New Video Game Is Too Realistic; Players Must Torture, Kill |date=30 October 2007 |publisher=CBS News |access-date=2008-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102153252/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/10/30/eveningnews/eyeontech/main3433101.shtml |archive-date=2 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Banning and censorship history in the US===
The first major incident of censorship of ''A Clockwork Orange'' took place in 1973, when a bookseller was arrested for selling the novel (although the charges were later dropped).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ala.org/advocacy/bbooks/frequentlychallengedbooks/classics |title=Banned & Challenged Classics |date=26 March 2013 |publisher=[[American Library Association]] |access-date=11 October 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011084759/http://www.ala.org/advocacy/bbooks/frequentlychallengedbooks/classics |archive-date=11 October 2018}}</ref> In 1976, ''A Clockwork Orange'' was removed from an [[Aurora, Colorado]] high school because of "objectionable language". A year later in 1977 it was removed from high school classrooms in [[Westport, Massachusetts]] over similar concerns with "objectionable" language. In 1982, it was removed from two [[Anniston, Alabama]] libraries, later to be reinstated on a restricted basis. However, each of these instances came after the release of Stanley Kubrick's popular 1971 film adaptation of ''A Clockwork Orange'', itself the subject of much controversy after exposing a much larger part of the populace to the themes of the novel. In 2024 the book was banned in Texas by the Katy Independent School District on the basis that the novel is "adopting, supporting, or promoting gender fluidity"<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/neighborhood/katy/article/katy-isd-new-banned-books-19932193.php |title=Katy ISD bans 14 new books, from 'Slaughterhouse-Five' to 'Wicked.' Here's what to know. |first=Claire |last=Goodman |date=2024-11-27 |website=Houston Chronicle |url-status=live |access-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120054320/https://www.houstonchronicle.com/neighborhood/katy/article/katy-isd-new-banned-books-19932193.php |archive-date=2025-01-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.katyisd.org/Page/4310#:~:text=No%20materials%20in%20elementary%20and,opt%2Din%20for%20student%20access. |title=Instructional Resources Information |website= Katy Independent School District |url-status=live |access-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129023613/https://www.katyisd.org/Page/4310 |archive-date=2024-11-29}}</ref> despite also pronouncing a bullying policy that protects infringements on the rights of the student.<ref>https://www.katyisd.org/Page/4123</ref>