Editing 1860s (section)

==Science and technology==
[[File:Caisse dynamite nobel paulilles expo.JPG|220px|thumb|[[Alfred Nobel]] invents [[dynamite]] in Sweden, patenting it in 1867]]
* The [[Metropolitan Railway]], the world's first underground railway, opens in London in 1863.<ref name="theg_Asho">{{Cite web |title=A short history of world metro systems – in pictures |last=Lin |first=Luna |work=the Guardian |date=10 September 2014 |access-date=1 June 2021 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/cities/gallery/2014/sep/10/-sp-history-metro-pictures-london-underground-new-york-beijing-seoul}}</ref>
* The ''[[French submarine Plongeur|Plongeur]]'', the first mechanically powered [[submarine]] in the world, is launched in 1863 after three years of construction.
* The United States’ [[first transcontinental railroad]] is completed in 1869.
* The [[Suez Canal]] in [[Egypt]] is opened in 1869.
* [[Carl Wilhelm Borchardt]] discovers and proves [[Cayley's formula]] in [[graph theory]] in 1860.
* The first [[transatlantic telegraph cable]] is successfully laid in 1866, enabling almost instant communication between America and Europe.
* [[Alfred Nobel]] invents [[dynamite]] in Sweden, patenting it in 1867.
* [[James Clerk Maxwell]] publishes his [[Maxwell's equations|equations]] that quantify the relationship between electricity and magnetism, and shows that [[light]] is a form of [[electromagnetic radiation]]
* [[Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister|Joseph Lister]] develops [[antiseptic]] methods for use in surgery in 1867, introducing [[phenol|carbolic acid]] as an antiseptic, turning it into the first widely used surgical antiseptic in surgery, and publishing ''[[Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery]]''. As a result, deaths from infections due to surgery greatly decrease.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infoplease.com/math-science/health/medical-advances-timeline|title=Medical Advances Timeline|website=www.infoplease.com}}</ref>
* [[Gregor Mendel]] formulates [[Mendelian inheritance|Mendel's laws of inheritance]], the basis for [[genetics]], in a two-part paper written in 1865 and published in 1866, although it is largely ignored until 1900.
* [[Dmitri Mendeleev]] develops the modern [[periodic table]]
* [[Helium]] was first ''detected'' during the total [[solar eclipse]] of August 18, 1868, in parts of [[India]]. It was the first eclipse expedition in which a [[spectroscope]] was used.
* [[J. Norman Lockyer]] and [[Pierre Janssen]] are honored for their discovery of the nature of the Sun's ''prominences''. They were the first to notice bright spectral emission lines when viewing the limb of the Sun without the aid of a total solar eclipse.
* [[1862 International Exhibition]] in [[London]], England and [[International Exposition (1867)|1867 International Exposition]] in [[Paris]].
*[[Louis Pasteur]] develops a technique of food preservation known as [[Pasteurization]], advancing understanding of the [[Germ theory of disease]].