Editing 11th century (section)

===[[1040s]]===
[[File:Zirides et Hammadides après les invasion hilaliennes.PNG|thumb|Territories of [[Zirids]] and [[Hammadids]] after the invasions of [[Banu Hilal]], of [[Normans|Norman]] incursions and the weakening of the [[Almoravids]] ]]
* 1040: [[Duncan I]] of Scotland slain in battle. [[Macbeth of Scotland|Macbeth]] succeeds him.
* 1041: [[Samuel Aba]] became King of Hungary.
* 1041: [[Airlangga]] divides Kahuripan into two kingdoms [[Janggala]] and [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kadiri]] and abdicates in favour of his successors.<ref name="Soekmono, R 1973, p.57">Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.57</ref>
* 1042: the Normans establish [[Melfi]] as the capital of southern Italy.
* 1041–1048: Chinese artisan [[Bi Sheng]] invents ceramic [[movable type]] printing
* 1043: the [[Byzantine Empire]] and [[Kievan Rus]] engage in a [[Rus'-Byzantine War (1043)|naval confrontation]], although a later treaty is signed between two parties that includes the marriage alliance of [[Vsevolod I of Kiev]] to a princess daughter of [[Constantine IX Monomachos]].
* 1043: the Byzantine General [[George Maniaces]], who had served in [[Sicily]] back in 1038, is proclaimed emperor by his troops while he is [[catepan of Italy]]; he leads an unsuccessful rebellion against [[Constantine IX Monomachos]] and is killed in battle in [[Macedonia (theme)|Macedonia]] during his march towards [[Constantinople]].
*1043: the Song dynasty [[Chancellor of China]], [[Fan Zhongyan]], and prominent official and historian [[Ouyang Xiu]] introduce the [[Qingli Reforms]], which would be rescinded by the court in 1045 due to partisan resistance to reforms.
*1043: the [[Kingdom of Nri]] of [[West Africa]] is said to have started in this year with [[Eze Nri Ìfikuánim]]
* 1044: the Chinese ''[[Wujing Zongyao]]'', written by Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide, is the first book to describe [[gunpowder]] formulas;<ref>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 120–124.</ref> it also described their use in warfare, such as [[History of gunpowder|blackpowder]]-impregnated [[Fuse (explosives)|fuses]] for [[flamethrower]]s.<ref name="needham volume 5 part 7 81 84">Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 81–84.</ref> It also described an early form of the [[compass]], a thermoremanence compass.<ref name="needham volume 4 part 1 252">Needham, Volume 4, Part 1, 252.</ref>
* 1044: [[Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry III]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] defeats the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] in the [[Battle of Ménfő]]; [[Peter Urseolo of Hungary|Peter Urseolo]] captured [[Samuel Aba of Hungary|Samuel Aba]] after the battle, executing him, and restoring his claim to the throne; the Kingdom of Hungary then briefly becomes a vassal to the Holy Roman Empire.
* 1045: The [[Zirid]]s, a [[Berber people|Berber]] dynasty of [[North Africa]], break their allegiance with the [[Fatimid]] court of [[Egypt]] and recognize the [[Abbasid]]s of [[Baghdad]] as the true [[caliph]]s.