Editing History of Germany (section)

====Colonies====
{{Main|German colonial empire}}
[[File:GermanColonialEmpire(UPT3).jpg|thumb|413x413px|[[German colonial empire|German colonies and protectorates]] in 1914]]
[[File:German colonial lord.jpg|thumb|A colonial lord in the German colony [[Togoland]]]]
By the 1890s, German colonial expansion in Asia and the Pacific ([[Jiaozhou Bay|Kiauchau]] in China, the [[Mariana Islands|Marianas]], the [[Caroline Islands]], [[Samoa]]) led to frictions with Britain, Russia, Japan and the United States.<ref>John Anthony Moses and Paul M. Kennedy, ''Germany in the Pacific and Far East, 1870–1914'' (1977).</ref> The construction of the [[Baghdad Railway]], financed by German banks, was designed to eventually connect Germany with the Turkish Empire and the [[Persian Gulf]], but it also collided with British and Russian geopolitical interests.<ref>sean McMeekin, ''The Berlin-Baghdad express: the Ottoman Empire and Germany's bid for world power, 1898–1918'' (Penguin, 2011)</ref>

The largest colonial enterprises were in Africa.<ref>Gann, L., and Peter Duignan, ''The Rulers of German Africa, 1884–1914'' (1977) focuses on political and economic history; Perraudin, Michael, and Jürgen Zimmerer, eds. ''German Colonialism and National Identity'' (2010) focuses on cultural impact in Africa and Germany.</ref> The harsh treatment of the [[Nama people|Nama]] and [[Herero people|Herero]] in what is now [[Namibia]] in Africa in 1906–1907 led to charges of genocide against the Germans. Historians are examining the links and precedents between the [[Herero and Namaqua Genocide]] and the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] of the 1940s.<ref>Tilman Dedering, "The German-Herero war of 1904: revisionism of genocide or imaginary historiography?". ''Journal of Southern African Studies'' (1993) 19#1 pp: 80–88.</ref><ref>Jeremy Sarkin, ''Germany's Genocide of the Herero: Kaiser Wilhelm II, His General, His Settlers, His Soldier'' (2011)</ref><ref>Kirsten Dyck, "Situating the Herero Genocide and the Holocaust among European Colonial Genocides". ''Przegląd Zachodni'' (2014) No. 1 pp: 153–172. [http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=cab65bd2-ba20-4947-b2d7-1ea0c9275be6&articleId=2d260385-975f-4228-ad57-3e589a7da544 abstract]</ref>

Other claimed territories of the German Colonial Empire are: [[Bear Island (Norway)|Bear Island]] (occupied in 1899),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gradén |first=Lizette |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbooDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT223 |title=Performing Nordic Heritage: Everyday Practices and Institutional Culture |date=13 May 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-3170-8235-4 |page=223 |language=en |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref> Togo-Hinterlands,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Akinwumi |first=Olayemi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOK8FYenMiEC&pg=PA97 |title=The Colonial Contest for the Nigerian Region, 1884-1900: A History of the German Participation |date=2002 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-8258-6197-1 |page=97 |language=en |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref> [[German attempts to colonise the Somali Coast|German Somali Coast]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bückendorf |first=Jutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oc7CgiWH-asC&pg=PA232 |title="Schwarz-weiss-rot über Ostafrika !": deutsche Kolonialpläne und afrikanische Realität |date=1997 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-8258-2755-7 |page=232 |language=de |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref> Katanga Territories, [[Pondoland]] (failed attempt by {{Ill|Emil Nagel|de}}),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Makiwane |first1=Monde |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GhHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |title=Reflections from the Margins: Complexities, Transitions and Developmental Challenges: The Case of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa |last2=Gumede |first2=Ntombizonke A. |last3=Zembe-Mkabile |first3=Wanga |date=11 October 2021 |publisher=African Sun Media |isbn=978-1-9912-0113-3 |language=en |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref> Nyassaland ([[Mozambique]]), Southwestern Madagascar,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tetzlaff |first=Rainer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zsDAAAAMAAJ |title=Koloniale Entwicklung und Ausbeutung: Wirtschaftsu. Sozialgeschichte Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1885-1914 |date=1970 |publisher=Duncker u. Humblot |page=27 |isbn=978-3-428-02209-0 |language=de |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref> Santa Lucia Bay ([[South Africa]]) (failed attempt in 1884),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Office |first=Great Britain Foreign |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQpmnM_G7xAC&pg=PA322 |title=The end of British isolation |date=1927 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=32 |language=en |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref> and the Farasan Islands.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bönker |first=Dirk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_2tDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 |title=Militarism in a Global Age: Naval Ambitions in Germany and the United States before World War I |date=15 March 2012 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-6388-4 |page=123 |language=en |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref>