Editing Carnival (section)

====Italy====
{{Main|Carnival in Italy}}
[[File:Venice Carnival - Masked Lovers (2010).jpg|thumb|Distinctive [[Venetian mask]]s at the [[Carnival of Venice]]]]
[[Image:Carnevale di viareggio 2008, uer iz de party.JPG|thumb|[[Carnival of Viareggio]] 2011, ''Uer iz de parti?'']]
[[File:Dettaglio della battaglia e della quantità di arance. (foto Baldo Simone).jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of the Oranges]] at the [[Carnival of Ivrea]], in [[Ivrea]], Italy]]

[[Carnival in Italy]] is a farewell party to eat, drink, and have fun before the limitations and solemnity of [[Lent]]. About a month before [[Ash Wednesday]], Italians celebrate over many weekends with parades, masks, and ''[[Confetti#Etymology and Italian confetti|confetti]]''. The origins of this event may be traced to [[ancient Greece]] and [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], when they worshipped [[Dionysus|Bacchus]] and [[Saturn]]. Some think they date back to archaic winter-to-spring ceremonies. Despite its pagan origins, the event was so extensively celebrated and the tradition so powerful that it was swiftly altered to fit into Catholic rituals. Carnival in Italy is traditionally celebrated on [[Mardi Gras|Fat Tuesday]], but the weekend prior features activities as well.

Carnival traditions vary across Italy. In the [[Ambrosian rite]] regions around Milan, Carnival ends on the first Sunday of [[Lent]]. The [[Carnival of Venice]] and [[Carnival of Viareggio]] are particularly renowned, featuring sophisticated masquerades and parades. In [[Sardinia]], a distinct carnival form survives, possibly rooted in pre-Christian winter rituals of awakening the earth. These Carnivals include masquerades and parades.

The [[Carnival of Venice|Carnival in Venice]] was first documented in 1296, with a proclamation by the [[Venetian Senate]] announcing a public festival the day before the start of [[Lent]]. Its subversive nature is reflected in Italy's many laws over the centuries attempting to restrict celebrations and the wearing of [[mask]]s. Carnival celebrations in Venice were halted after the city fell under [[Habsburg monarchy|Austrian]] control in 1798, but were revived in the late 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=Djinis |first2=Elizabeth |title=A Brief History of How Carnival Is Celebrated Around the World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/a-brief-history-of-how-carnival-is-celebrated-around-the-world-180983771/ |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Carnival of Viareggio]] is the second-most popular in Italy. It lasts a month with night and day celebrations, floats, parades, district celebrations, masked dances, and other shows. The first masquerade took place in 1873, in response to the upper classes' dissatisfaction with having to pay hefty taxes. Thousands of travelers go to Italy for parades, Carnival masks and costumes, concerts, and music.In 2001, the town built a new "Carnival citadel" dedicated to Carnival preparations and entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-01-18|title=The History of the Viareggio Carnival|url=https://www.italiakids.com/the-history-of-the-viareggio-carnival/|access-date=2021-10-05|website=Italia Kids|language=en-US|archive-date=5 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005133328/https://www.italiakids.com/the-history-of-the-viareggio-carnival/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Carnival of Ivrea]] is famous for its "[[Battle of the Oranges]]" fought with fruit between the people on foot and the troops of the tyrant on carts, to remember the wars of the Middle Ages,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Carnival of Ivrea - History |url=https://www.storicocarnevaleivrea.it/the-carnival/storia/?lang=en |website=Storico Carenevale di Ivrea |access-date=16 June 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809144133/http://www.storicocarnevaleivrea.it/the-carnival/storia/?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref> allegory of struggle for freedom. It is considered one of the most ancient Carnivals in the world. The fight commemorates Ivrea's rebellion against tyrannical rule in the Middle Ages. The miller's daughter, "''la Mugnaia''", allegedly killed the city's dictator after he tried to kidnap her, sparking an uprising that gave the inhabitants more freedom. Ivrea's Carnival celebration now includes parades in medieval costumes, folkloric ensembles, and musical performances from Italy and Europe. While enjoying the festive ambiance, don't forget to try the traditional Carnival dish, ''fagiolata'', a delicious bean soup.

The [[Ambrosian Rite]] ({{langx|it|rito ambrosiano}})<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-23 |title=Rito ambrosiano |website= Chiesa di Milano |url=https://www.chiesadimilano.it/vivere-la-chiesa/celebrare-la-fede/rito-ambrosiano-2 |access-date=2024-04-10 |language=it-IT}}</ref> is a [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin liturgical rite]] of the [[Catholic Church]] and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] (specifically The Divine Liturgy of Saint Ambrose). The [[ritual family|rite]] is named after [[Ambrose|Saint Ambrose]], a [[bishop of Milan]] in the fourth century. It is used by around five million Catholics in the greater part of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan|Archdiocese of Milan]] (excluding [[Monza]], [[Treviglio]] and [[Trezzo sull'Adda]]), in some parishes of the [[Diocese of Como]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bergamo|Bergamo]], [[Diocese of Novara|Novara]], [[Diocese of Lodi|Lodi]], in the [[Diocese of Lugano]], [[Canton of Ticino]], [[Switzerland]], less prominently in some [[Western Rite Orthodoxy|Western Rite]] orthodox parishes and on special occasions of other jurisdictions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metropolitan of Piraeus celebrates ancient Liturgy of St. Ambrose of Milan |url=https://orthochristian.com/157743.html |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=OrthoChristian.Com}}</ref> In the most part of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan|Archdiocese]] of [[Milan]], the Carnival lasts four more days, ending on the Saturday after Ash Wednesday, because of the Ambrosian Rite.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambrosian Carnival 2023: dates and programme |url=https://www.italia.it/en/lombardy/milan/things-to-do/ambrosian-carnival-dates-programme |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Italia.it |language=en}}</ref>

In [[Sardinia]], the Carnival (in [[Sardinian language]] ''Carrasecare'' or ''Carrasegare''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ditzionariu.nor-web.eu/en/faeddu/carrasec%C3%A0re|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228092329/https://ditzionariu.nor-web.eu/en/faeddu/carrasec%C3%A0re|archive-date=28 February 2021|title=Ditzionàriu in Línia}}</ref>) varies greatly from the one in the mainland of Italy. the majority of the Sardinian celebrations features not only feasts and parades but also crude [[fertility rite]]s such as bloodsheds to fertilize the land,<ref name="youtube.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2e97JaWRkSU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/2e97JaWRkSU| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title=Carnevale Luvulesu Su battileddu|date=2 March 2014|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> the death and the resurrection of the Carnival characters<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbXz0Te7IVk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/sbXz0Te7IVk| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title="Sa Filonzana", personaggio femminile del carnevale in Sardegna|date=4 February 2014|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and representations of violence and torture.<ref name="youtube.com"/> The typical characters of the Sardinian Carnival are [[Zoomorphism|zoomorphic]] and/or [[Androgyny|androgynous]], such as the ''Mamuthones and Issohadores''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prolocomamoiada.it/mamuthoneseissohadores/|title=MAMUTHONES E ISSOHADORES|access-date=16 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117122303/https://prolocomamoiada.it/mamuthoneseissohadores/|archive-date=17 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> from [[Mamoiada]], the ''Boes and Merdules''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merdules.it/en/|title=Cultural Association "Boes and Merdules" Ottana - Italy -|website=Cultural Association "Boes and Merdules" Ottana - Italy|access-date=16 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208100659/http://www.merdules.it/en/|archive-date=8 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> from [[Ottana]] and many more.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mascheresarde.com/maschere-della-sardegna/|title=Maschere della Sardegna - Elenco delle maschere tipiche sarde &#124; Maschere Sarde|website=mascheresarde.com|access-date=16 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118233441/http://www.mascheresarde.com/maschere-della-sardegna/|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Carnival is celebrated with street performances<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g4ynpSoMdXk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/g4ynpSoMdXk| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title=Il Carnevale Tradizionale Sardo e le sue Maschere 2011|date=28 March 2012|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> that are typically accompanied by Sardinian [[dirge]]s called {{lang|sc|attittidus}},<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tuttologi-accademia-sardegna.blogspot.com/2008/05/attittidu.html|title=Tradizioni popolari della Sardegna: Attittidu|first=I.|last=Tuttologi|date=10 May 2008|access-date=16 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117070325/http://tuttologi-accademia-sardegna.blogspot.com/2008/05/attittidu.html|archive-date=17 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> meaning literally "cry of a baby when the mother doesn't want nursed him/her anymore" (from the word ''titta'' meaning breasts<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/definizione.php?codice=t5329600|title=Vocabolario Sardo-Logudorese / Italiano di Pietro Casu - tìtta|website=vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it|access-date=16 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117122309/http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/definizione.php?codice=t5329600|archive-date=17 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>). Other particular and important Carnival instances in Sardinia are the [[Oristano#Sa Sartiglia and other events|Sartiglia]] in [[Oristano]] and the [[Tempio Pausania]] Carnival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.carnevaletempiese.it/home.htm|title=Carrasciali Timpiesu - Carnevale Tempiese&nbsp; - 2019|website=carnevaletempiese.it|access-date=16 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117122337/http://www.carnevaletempiese.it/home.htm|archive-date=17 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>