Editing Timeline of historic inventions (section)

=== 1980s ===
* '''1980:''' [[Flash memory]] (both NOR and NAND types) was invented by [[Fujio Masuoka]] while working for [[Toshiba]]. It was formally introduced to the public in 1984.
* '''1980:''' Scientists [[Mark Skolnick]], Ron Davis, Ray White, and [[David Botstein]] published their findings on a gene mapping tool using [[Restriction fragment length polymorphism|Restriction Fragment-length Polymorphisms]] (RFLP), that would have applications to identify heritable disorders, including some forms of cancer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cook-Deegan |first=Robert |title=The gene wars: science, politics, and the human genome |date=1995 |publisher=Norton |isbn=978-0-393-31399-4 |edition=1. publ. as a Norton paperback |location=New York NY}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bishop |first1=Jerry E. |title=Genome: the story of the most astonishing scientific adventure of our time; the attempt to map all the genes in the human body |last2=Waldholz |first2=Michael |date=1990 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-671-74032-0 |location=New York}}</ref><ref>Botstein D, White RL, Skolnick M, Davis RW. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1686077/ Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms.] Am J Hum Genet. 1980 May;32(3):314-31. PMID 6247908; PMCID: PMC1686077.</ref>
* '''1981:''' The first [[reusable spacecraft]], the [[Space Shuttle]] undergoes test flights ahead of full operation in 1982.
* '''1981:''' [[Kane Kramer]] develops the credit card-sized, IXI [[Portable media player|digital media player]].<ref>{{Cite patent|number=4667088|title=Portable data processing and storage system|gdate=1987-05-19|invent1=Kramer|invent2=Campbell|inventor1-first=Kane N.|inventor2-first=James S.|url=https://www.freepatentsonline.com/4667088.html}}</ref>
* '''1981:''' [[Televerket (Sweden)|Televerket]], a Swedish state-owned corporation, launched the [[Nordic Mobile Telephone]] (NMT) system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-21 |title=NMT - Nordic Mobile Telephone System - SolveForce Communications |url=http://solveforce.com/nmt-nordic-mobile-telephone-system/#:~:text=NMT%20(Nordic%20Mobile%20Telephone%20System,to%20cover%20an%20entire%20country |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=solveforce.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Garcia-Swartz, Daniel D, and Martin Campbell-Kelly. [https://watermark.silverchair.com/c001700_9780262370011.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAA1EwggNNBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggM-MIIDOgIBADCCAzMGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMzJ3U80urYIDfIar2AgEQgIIDBHGL1HVH-kO3lQOkHchm4XtMnmZcC1alrEPY3y-ocf9bdf-jIhMaeo6l1Rv-bCjo269l7-jYNiUAW7JXhFzCdDB-leR4TFgFKaK0Oh12DDhzieGXf_SaZYsMQv5IKfEiKxV-ZaKhjlhJuYOtHFiMjue8oPnKaStazTnmiLVHvLK5qcX8lNvarJWXX6vluNZ3p7Yj_bApCdoEKg9MIIQ59ZBv0_WT3w_NFC2cvKkH1f8C2WcObccPWTtPzqKshT7w2Gm2GpMml4R8Dk5mUj01E9UozydTvWaESyRdlin9gtgNXz5Ujgfo6c_m4CB4KU3wj3YvyAwe9Om8Jc63Z6fZZ7vtja7GGFOUYCcrv2myUN9zn9djF-bEumsZygA5FdAiKV0-UWGuasCTXyLYh-bJsXs2YbG21nsSSoxAzE2PH_3SzwipWwSKFp2EvIEuvZIn784KFtVivDNtIuYP7I5-K1A4nJizQo6zNqp10CvyldNbXxJJ3DS58gU1at9RMgAtWRLiniiSabGEi7OKf9czgYtPBX2n5LYR2k-_ETPhkyXPFKlptHino0oOUBEIk9WORuldmShQNAlh_iexWfUe49gPoFbjO18F-nNg6YrRh3Cy4zpnWPYGEIRGUdWX-6ZSKToeM3zZw7kWnGZdORhhviMCjrf-iIAeZKExkFfbfMT20ZB48vpPCVqQRLo6hPJi4V4Sgt2azobglv_eTGrDn5jcgGJRbfoqtim8rXcsBRJXU6gt1KbL0WFHtztENBOa80ivzuPySDgJOQfvTA9xh8hXcjZIFLfr87ufq9_sKnB4dwc4DE0DfggjfESbK3VvsedaE2A3lXohLpL5IudfqCJcIesNb9fxwGacKYp-TuELvAvCOhJ5gFVfEsG4eK4x2RkCd_5teasXt0siUAlvDMONTL3iu6-7rru1lhZpFznbZCT6ZaUnBIfvRMaON9dopyK_EaYn0Smv1vgBR_UjxJHI_MhKQMuaF6c8mIR41bS8s-ptDwlVpstVHA3id1rEGBZGnxk “The First Cellular Systems: Japan, Europe, and the United States.”] Cellular: An Economic and Business History of the International Mobile-Phone Industry, The MIT Press, pp. 50–51.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Al-Khouri |first=Ali M. |date=2015 |title=Towards a SIM-less Existence: The Evolution of Smart Learning Networks |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44430335 |journal=Educational Technology |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=19–26 |jstor=44430335 |issn=0013-1962}}</ref>
* '''1981:''' [[Comviq|Comvik]], a Swedish telecommunications company, launched the first commercial automatic cellular system. However, according to the [[Swedish Post and Telecom Authority]], the company launched an unlicensed automatic system. Comvik didn’t receive a license to operate until December 1981, two months after the NMT system was launched.<ref>Mölleryd, Bengt G. [https://research.hhs.se/esploro/outputs/doctoral/Entrepreneurship-in-technological-systems--the/991001480453506056 “Entrepreneurship in Technological Systems - The Development of Mobile Telephony in Sweden.”] Stockholm School of Economics: Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics, 1999, pp. 104.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Andersson |first=Per |title=Stenbeck: en biografi över en framgångsrik affärsman |date=2012 |publisher=Modernista |isbn=978-91-7499-112-3 |edition=Ny, utök. utg. |location=Stockholm}}</ref>
* '''1982:''' A [[CD-ROM]] contains [[Computer data storage|data]] accessible to, but not writable by, a computer for data storage and music playback. The 1985 ''Yellow Book'' standard developed by [[Sony]] and [[Philips]] adapted the format to hold any form of [[Binary file|binary data]].<ref name="EP689208">{{Patent|EP|689208|"Method for block oriented addressing" – for block layouts see columns 1 and 2}}</ref>
* '''1982:''' Direct to home [[satellite television]] transmission, with the launch of [[Sky One]] service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SatMagazine |url=http://www.satmagazine.com/story.php?number=1053209847 |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=www.satmagazine.com}}</ref>
* '''1982:''' The first [[laptop]] computer is launched, the 8/16-bit [[Epson HX-20]].<ref name="ipsj">{{cite web|url=http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/personal/0081.html|title=Shinshu Seiki/Suwa Seikosha HC-20|website=IPSJ Computer Museum|access-date=19 June 2019}}</ref>
* '''1983:''' [[Stereolithography]] is invented by [[Chuck Hull]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Story |url=https://www.3dsystems.com/our-story |website=3D Systems |date=12 January 2017 |access-date=12 July 2018}}</ref>
* '''1983:''' Ameritech, now known as [[AT&T]], commercialized the [[Bell System]] (its cellular network) in Chicago, Ill.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Galazzo |first=Richard |date=2020-09-21 |title=Timeline from 1G to 5G: A Brief History on Cell Phones - CENGN |url=http://www.cengn.ca/information-centre/innovation/timeline-from-1g-to-5g-a-brief-history-on-cell-phones/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241213231942/https://www.cengn.ca/information-centre/innovation/timeline-from-1g-to-5g-a-brief-history-on-cell-phones/ |archive-date=2024-12-13 |access-date=2024-12-16 |work=CENGN |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First American Cellular Network |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/first-american-cellular-network/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref>
* '''1984:''' The first commercially available [[cell phone]] in the US, the [[Motorola DynaTAC|DynaTAC]] 8000X, is created by [[Motorola]].
* '''1984:''' [[DNA profiling]] is pioneered by [[Alec Jeffreys]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zagorski |first=Nick |date=13 June 2006 |title=Profile of Alec J. Jeffreys |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=103 |issue=24 |pages=8918–8920 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0603953103 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=1482540 |pmid=16754883|bibcode=2006PNAS..103.8918Z |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/may/24/dna-fingerprinting-alec-jeffreys|title=Eureka moment that led to the discovery of DNA fingerprinting|date=24 May 2009|work=The Guardian|access-date=11 April 2022|archive-date=26 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426075251/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/may/24/dna-fingerprinting-alec-jeffreys|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''1986:''' [[Technophone]], a British mobile phone company, created the first pocket-sized cell phone, the [[Excel mobile phones|Excell PCT105]].<ref>Becket, Michael. [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/IO0702090869/TGRH?u=tele&sid=bookmark-TGRH. "Excell unveils new portable telephone."] Daily Telegraph, 13 July 1987, p. 20. The Telegraph Historical Archive, Accessed 25 Oct. 2024.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-18 |title=Vintage Mobiles |url=http://www.gsmhistory.com/vintage-mobiles/#technophone_pc105t_1986 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=GSM History: History of GSM, Mobile Networks, Vintage Mobiles |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''1989:''' [[Karlheinz Brandenburg]] would publish the audio compression algorithms that would be standardised as the: MPEG-1, layer 3 ([[MP3|mp3]]), and later the MPEG-2, layer 7 Advanced Audio Compression (AAC).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |last4= |first4= |title=On the 20th Birthday of the MP3, An Interview With The "Father" of the MP3, Karlheinz Brandenburg |url=https://www.internethistorypodcast.com/2015/07/on-the-20th-birthday-of-the-mp3-an-interview-with-the-father-of-the-mp3-karlheinz-brandenburg/ |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=Internet History Podcast |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''1989:''' The [[World Wide Web]] is invented by computer scientist [[Tim Berners-Lee]].<ref name="AHT">{{cite magazine |title=Tim Berners Lee – Time 100 People of the Century |url=http://205.188.238.181/time/time100/scientist/profile/bernerslee.html |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Time Magazine]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203163437/http://205.188.238.181/time/time100/scientist/profile/bernerslee.html |archive-date=3 February 2011 |access-date=17 May 2010 |quote=He wove the World Wide Web and created a mass medium for the 21st century. The World Wide Web is Berners-Lee's alone. He designed it. He loosed it on the world. And he more than anyone else has fought to keep it open, nonproprietary and free.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Berners-Lee, Tim |title=Pre-W3C Web and Internet Background |url=http://w3.org/2004/Talks/w3c10-HowItAllStarted/?n=15 |access-date=21 April 2009 |publisher=World Wide Web Consortium}}</ref>