Editing Creativity (section)

=== Constraints ===
{{Main|Creative limitation}}

There is a long-standing debate on how material constraints (e.g., lack of money, materials, or equipment) affect creativity. In psychological and managerial research, there are two competing views. In one view, scholars propose a negative effect of material constraints on innovation and claim that material constraints starve creativity.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Amabile |first1=Teresa M. |last2=Conti |first2=Regina |last3=Coon |first3=Heather |last4=Lazenby |first4=Jeffrey |last5=Herron |first5=Michael |title=Assessing the Work Environment for Creativity |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/256995 |year=1996 |journal=Academy of Management Journal |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=1154–1184 |doi=10.2307/256995 |jstor=256995 |language=en |issn=0001-4273 |s2cid=144812471 |access-date=2025-01-04}}</ref> Proponents argue that adequate material resources are needed to engage in creative activities such as experimenting with new solutions and idea exploration.<ref name=":6" /> In an opposing view, scholars assert that people tend to stick to established routines or solutions as long as they are not forced to deviate from them by constraints.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{Cite journal|last=Ward|first=T.B.|year=1994|title=Structured Imagination: the Role of Category Structure in Exemplar Generation|journal=Cognitive Psychology|language=en|volume=27|issue=1|pages=1–40|doi=10.1006/cogp.1994.1010|s2cid=54276064}}
|2={{Cite journal|last=Stokes|first=Patricia D.|year=2007|title=Using constraints to generate and sustain novelty|journal=Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts|language=en|volume=1|issue=2|pages=107–113|doi=10.1037/1931-3896.1.2.107|issn=1931-390X}}
|3={{Cite journal|last1=Moreau|first1=C. Page|last2=Dahl|first2=Darren W.|s2cid=2152095|year=2005|title=Designing the Solution: The Impact of Constraints on Consumers' Creativity|journal=Journal of Consumer Research|language=en|volume=32|issue=1|pages=13–22|doi=10.1086/429597|issn=0093-5301}}
|4={{Cite news|url=https://hbr.org/2011/01/the-number-one-key-to-innovati|title=The Number One Key to Innovation: Scarcity|last=Neren|first=Uri|date=2011-01-14|work=Harvard Business Review|access-date=2019-03-26|issn=0017-8012}}
}}</ref> For example, material constraints facilitated the development of [[jet engine]]s in [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gibbert|first1=Michael|last2=Scranton|first2=Philip|year=2009|title=Constraints as sources of radical innovation? Insights from jet propulsion development|journal=Management & Organizational History|language=en|volume=4|issue=4|pages=385–399|doi=10.1177/1744935909341781|s2cid=144428010|issn=1744-9359}}</ref>

To reconcile these competing views, contingency models were proposed.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Hoegl|first1=Martin|last2=Gibbert|first2=Michael|last3=Mazursky|first3=David|year=2008|title=Financial constraints in innovation projects: When is less more?|journal=Research Policy|language=en|volume=37|issue=8|pages=1382–1391|doi=10.1016/j.respol.2008.04.018}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last1=Weiss|first1=Matthias|last2=Hoegl|first2=Martin|last3=Gibbert|first3=Michael|year=2011|title=Making Virtue of Necessity: The Role of Team Climate for Innovation in Resource-Constrained Innovation Projects|journal=Journal of Product Innovation Management|language=en|volume=28|issue=s1|pages=196–207|doi=10.1111/j.1540-5885.2011.00870.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Weiss|first1=Matthias|last2=Hoegl|first2=Martin|last3=Gibbert|first3=Michael|year=2017|title=How Does Material Resource Adequacy Affect Innovation Project Performance? A Meta-Analysis|journal=Journal of Product Innovation Management|language=en|volume=34|issue=6|pages=842–863|doi=10.1111/jpim.12368}}</ref> The rationale behind these models is that certain [[contingency factors]] (e.g., creativity climate or creativity-relevant skills) influence the relationship between constraints and creativity.<ref name=":7" /> These contingency factors reflect the need for higher levels of motivation and skills when working on creative tasks under constraints.<ref name=":7" /> Depending on these contingency factors, there is either a positive or negative relationship between constraints and creativity.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />