Editing Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques (section)

== Heritage ==
Pau has a heritage which stretches from the 12th to the 21st century, which is represented through numerous sites and monuments, including the castle of Henri IV.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

=== Religious monuments ===

==== Main Catholic churches ====
* The '''Church of Saint-Martin''' is situated in the centre of the old town, on Rue Henri IV. It was designed according to the plans of the architect [[Émile Boeswillwald]]. The construction of the church, of neo-Gothic influence, began in the 1860s. Every Sunday, the automatic [[carillon]] of St. Martin peals the notes of ''[[Eine kleine Nachtmusik]]'' and the ''[[Twelve Variations on "Ah vous dirai-je, Maman"]]'', by [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]].
** {{Main|{{Interlanguage link|Église Saint-Martin de Pau|fr}}}}
* The '''Church of Saint-Jacques''', also of Gothic influence, regained its two spires in 2012. Following the ancient chapel of the convent of the Cordeliers, it was completed in 1867. Its spires had been removed in 2001, due to being weakened by a storm in 1999.
** {{Main|{{Interlanguage link|Église Saint-Jacques de Pau|fr}}}}
* The '''Notre-Dame Church''' is capped by a monumental statue of the Virgin and child of Art Deco inspiration. The church was built in the first half of the 20th century, in continuity with the ancient church dedicated to the pilgrimage which came before.
* The '''Church of Saint-Joseph''' was designed by the architect {{Interlanguage link|Jacques Laffillée|fr}}. It was built in 1935. Neo-Byzantine style, it is recognizable because of its domes and its bell tower, which is {{convert|50|m}} high and of reinforced cement.
* '''St Peter's Church''' was built in 1970.  It was designed by the [[Prix de Rome]] architect {{Interlanguage link|André Remondet|fr}}. Largely covered with slates, it has married its modern structure with concrete buildings which surround it.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Eglise Saint-Jacques Pau.JPG|The {{Interlanguage link|Église Saint-Jacques de Pau|fr|3=Église Saint-Jacques de Pau|lt=Church of Saint-Jacques}} in Pau
File:Eglise Saint-Martin de Pau.jpg|The {{Interlanguage link|Église Saint-Martin de Pau|fr|3=Église Saint-Martin de Pau|lt=Church of Saint-Martin}} in Pau
File:Paueglisenotredame.jpg|The Church of Notre-Dame
File:Église Saint-Joseph (Pau, 64).JPG|The Church of Saint-Joseph
</gallery>

==== Outstanding Catholic chapels ====
[[File:Chapelle du couvent des Réparatrices de Pau (64).JPG|thumb|140px|The chapel of the Convent of Réparatrices]]
*The former '''Convent of the Réparatrices''', an imposing chapel, now houses the National School of Music and Dance and combines ancient and contemporary architecture.
*The '''Chapel of Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague''', classic architecture, accompanied by the establishment of a college of [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] (current [[Lycée Louis-Barthou]]). Begun in the 1660s, it was not completed until 1851.
* The '''Chapel of Notre-Dame-du-bout-du-Pont''', the former place of worship of the Ursulines de Pau, was built in 1872 and relocated in 1932. The Ursuline convent was, in fact, demolished to give space to the ''Palais des Pyrénées'' on the current {{Interlanguage link|Place Clemenceau (Pau)|fr|3=Place Clemenceau (Pau)|lt=Place Clemenceau}}. The chapel was dismantled stone by stone (each being numbered) and then rebuilt at its present location across the [[Gave de Pau]].
* The Chapel of the Château de Pau, visible from the main entrance, is adjacent to the brick keep.

==== Reformed, Anglican and Presbyterian churches ====
* In the 16th century, slaughterhouses were constructed along with the {{ill|Protestant temple of Pau|fr|Temple protestant de Pau}}, the [[cagot]]s worked on the two buildings.<ref>{{cite book|author-first1=H.-M. |author-last1=Fay |author-first2=H.- |author-last2=Marcel |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57243705.r=cagots+Lourdes.langFR |title=Histoire de la lèpre en France. I. Lépreux et cagots du Sud-Ouest, notes historiques, médicales, philologiques, suivies de documents |language=fr |trans-title=History of leprosy in France. I. lepers and cagots in southwestern, medical and historical, philological, followed by documents |location=Paris |publisher=H. Champion |date=1910}}</ref>
* Responding to demand from English residents, '''Christ Church''' was built on the ''Rue Serviez'' from 1837 to 1841. Since then, it has become a [[Reformed tradition|Reformed]] temple.
* Similarly, the Anglican '''Church of Saint Andrew''' was built in 1866. The rectory is known to be shaped according to local taste, the façade is dotted with pebbles from the Gave de Pau.
* The Méliès Cinema was housed in a former place of worship, a Scottish Presbyterian Church.

==== Other religious buildings ====
Pau has a Russian Orthodox Church, a mosque, a synagogue and a number of smaller churches such as St-Jean-Baptiste, Sainte-Bernadette and Sainte-Thérèse.

=== Civil monuments ===

==== Until the 18th century ====
{{Main|Château de Pau}}
The Château de Pau dominates the Gave de Pau. Its two oldest towers date from the 12th century. The quadrangular tower of brick was raised by [[Sicard de Lordat]] in the 14th century. Thus constituted fortress was turned into a Renaissance palace by Marguerite d'Angoulême and then restored under [[Louis Philippe I|Louis-Philippe]] and [[Napoleon III]]. In summary, the castle was fortress of the [[Viscounts of Béarn]], [[Castle]] of Fébus, birthplace of the good King [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]] (''Nouste Enric'') and royal residence in [[the Renaissance]].

A first defensive tower desired below the castle by [[Gaston III, Count of Foix|Gaston Fébus]], then called the "Tour du Moulin" [tower of the mill] for a time, was built along a water channel operating the mill of the castle as early as the 15th century. The ''Tour de la Monnaie'' [Money Tower] was named according to [[Henry II of Navarre|Henri d'Albret]] who, in 1554, used it as a [[Mint (coin)|mint]]. Today containing a [[Elevator|lift]] within, it was used for the coinage of money until the [[French Revolution]].

Its small garden was tended by [[Marie Antoinette]] when she spent her summers in the city. Napoleon used it as a holiday home during his period in power. The château has been designated as a French historical monument and holds a collection of [[tapestry|tapestries]].

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Château de Pau depuis jardin.JPG|[[Château de Pau]]
File:Carapace-berceau d'Henri IV (château de Pau) .jpg|Birthplace of Henri IV
File:Tour de la monnaie Pau.JPG|''Tour de la Monnaie'' [Money Tower]
</gallery>

{{Main|{{Interlanguage link|Parlement de Navarre (Pau)|fr|3=Parlement de Navarre (Pau)|lt=Parlement de Navarre}}}}
Close to the castle, the ''Parlement de Navarre'' [Parliament of Navarre], so named, saw its origins in the annexation of Béarn to the Crown of France under [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]] in 1620. Though, in fact, he established himself in a very old courthouse that had been built as early as 1585 in place of the house of the Bishop of Lescar. Burned down in 1716, it was rebuilt but quickly abandoned in favour of the current courthouse. The General Council settled there and it still holds its sessions.

{{Main|Lycée Louis-Barthou}}
Lycée Louis Barthou, originally a [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] college, was built in [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]]'s appeal, probably between 1622 and 1645, for the restoration of Catholicism. It has illustrious alumni such as [[Comte de Lautréamont|Lautréamont]], [[Louis Barthou]], [[Saint-John Perse]], [[Pierre Bourdieu]], [[Daniel Balavoine]] and [[Henri Emmanuelli]].

{{Main|{{Interlanguage link|Musée Bernadotte|fr}}}}
The Birthplace of Bernadotte Museum is today of particular interest to Swedish tourists, it dates from the 18th century. Bernadotte was a French non-commissioned officer who was born in Pau and became a general of Napoleon and then King of [[Sweden]] under the name [[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Charles XIV]].

==== In the 19th century ====
[[File:Pau Gassion (1).jpg|thumb|The former ''Hotel de Gassion'']]
{{Main|{{Interlanguage link|Hôtel de Gassion|fr}}}}
Former grand hotels of the [[Belle Époque]] which were in direct competition, the ''Hotel de Gassion'' and the ''Hotel de France'', are located on the ''[[Boulevard des Pyrénées]]''. The ''Hotel de Gassion'', located between the château and the Church of Saint-Martin, now houses apartments. The ''Hotel de France'', located to the east of the ''Place Royale'', now houses the services of the Communauté d'agglomération de Pau-Pyrénées and is the second decision-making centre in Pau.

{{Main|{{Interlanguage link|Palais Beaumont|fr}}}}
The ''Palais Beaumont'', originally referred to as the ''Palais d'Hiver'' [Winter Palace], was created at the end of the 19th century. Mixing architectural styles, it was repeatedly altered and was renovated from 1996, after half a century of neglect. It hosts a casino but is primarily a convention centre, a space for events such as seminars and fairs.

{{Main|Funiculaire de Pau}}
The funicular, which joins with the upper town, the historic centre, has carried travellers to and from the railway station, since 1908.

{{Main|Hôtel de Ville, Pau}}
Municipal services settled in the current premises of the [[Hôtel de Ville, Pau|Hôtel de Ville]] in 1876. The building, located north of the {{Interlanguage link|Place Royale (Pau)|fr|3=Place Royale (Pau)|lt=''Place Royale''}}, is actually a former theatre dating from 1862. The project to erect the Church of Saint-Louis, on the site, launched in 1685 and revived in 1788, was never successful.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.agglo-pau.fr/images/pdf_articles/culture/Bel_Ordinaire/apparitions_livret_programme_TBD.pdf   |title= Les apparitions    |publisher= Pau porte des pyrénées |page=20 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180612/http://www.agglo-pau.fr/images/pdf_articles/culture/Bel_Ordinaire/apparitions_livret_programme_TBD.pdf   |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>

The climate tourism which took over in Pau has left a set of prestigious villas as a legacy. Rich English, American and Russian tourists built villas to facilitate their stay during the winter. These buildings, English-style, were mainly built at the end of the 19th century. These villas now have various uses such as a charming hotel (Villa Navarre, an Anglo-Norman Manor built between 1865 and 1870),<ref name="Pays basque">{{cite book|title=Pays basque|publisher=Place Des Editeurs|year=2013|page=221}}</ref> a reception room (Villa Saint Basil's built in 1889), apartments (Palais Sorrento in 1888) and as a residence of the prefect (Villa Saint Helena) etc.

The current courthouse was built on the territory of the former convent of the Cordeliers. The ''Place de la Libération'' today participates in the majesty of a building whose façade is classically decorated with columns, themselves topped by a pediment in white marble. Its construction began in 1847.

The railway station, of [[Gustave Eiffel|Eiffel]] style, was inaugurated in 1871 below the city centre.

{{Main|{{Interlanguage link|Caserne Bernadotte|fr}}}}
It was natural that a barracks was progressively built in Pau from 1825 to 1875, the prefectural town close to the border. The Bernadotte Barracks, which today contains the national archives of the army, thus welcomed two regiments as early as 1830. The current {{Interlanguage link|Place de Verdun (Pau)|fr|3=Place de Verdun (Pau)|lt=''Place de Verdun''}} which has become parking and was formerly known as ''Place Napoleon'', was, in fact, an area of close exercises.

==== Of the 20th century to the present day ====
[[File:Palais des Pyrénées - Pau.JPG|thumb|Palais des Pyrénées]]
*Inaugurated in 2000 at the foot of the original Parliament of Navarre, the Hôtel du Département [Departmental Administrative Building], a building of glass on which some buildings of the ''Boulevard des Pyrénées'' are reflected, now includes all administrative services linked to it.
*Renovated in 2007, the Bosquet Centre, is a shopping centre of contemporary architecture in the centre of town. Borrowing its name from [[Pierre Bosquet|Marshal Bosquet]] who has a nearby statue, it was built on the site of the former Hospital of Pau.
*The ''Palais des Pyrénées'' [Palace of the Pyrenees], the second shopping centre in the heart of the city, has had a tumultuous history. In its current form, it seems to have regained its spirit of 1808, that of the "Passage of Napoleon", a commercial route which heralded the modern covered market of 1838, destroyed at the beginning of the 20th century. The ''Palais des Pyrenees'' from 1930, or the ''Palais du Commerce et des Fêtes'' [Palace of trade and celebrations], was an art-deco complex covered with shops but also theatres, a casino and even a mini golf course. Return to its original condition began in 1951 with the removal of the roofing over the central path, Pau people regained views of the Pyrenees. Four buildings were then raised. It was in 2006 which it appeared in its current form, proud of its canopies of glass and steel.
*Since 1971, the ''Archives Départementales'' [Departmental Archives] have settled into two buildings, one of them of particularly atypical appearance due to its tiny triangular windows, which are designed to give the best protection to the preserved documents.
*The ''Archives Communautaires de l'Agglomération de Pau-Pyrénées '' [Community Archives of the Agglomeration of Pau-Pyrénées] are grouped, since March 2011, in the buildings of the former tram factory (on the site of what was previously a gas plant, as evidenced by the high chimney).
*The ''Faculté de Lettres et Sciences Humaines'' [Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences], and the ''Maison de l'Agriculture'' [House of Agriculture], with similar architectures dating from the start of the 1970s, break in their likeness as the first seems to humbly blend in with the vegetation, while the second seems to display a relative majesty.

=== Outstanding built-up areas ===

==== Town squares ====
*{{Interlanguage link|Place Clemenceau (Pau)|fr|3=Place Clemenceau (Pau)|lt=''Place Clémenceau''}} and the ''Palais des Pyrénées'', the market square and centre commercial-street. In the heart of the downtown area, this is the site of many public festivals, shopping, and a fountain.
*''Place d'Espagne'' [Spain Square]: Containing buildings of contemporary architecture as well as the Bosquet commercial centre
*''Place des sept cantons'' [Seven Cantons Square]: This square is joined to not seven but six streets
*''Place des États'' [States Square]: The crossroads of [[transhumance]] until the Renaissance era, in the area of the [[Château de Pau]]
*{{Interlanguage link|Place Gramont (Pau)|fr|3=Place Gramont (Pau)|lt=''Place Gramont''}}: An architectural ensemble from the 18th century, with many summer terraces
*{{Interlanguage link|Place Reine-Marguerite (Pau)|fr|3=Place Reine-Marguerite (Pau)|lt=''Place Reine-Marguerite''}} [Queen Marguerite Square]: bordered by arcades with pebbled arches, it once was the marketplace, and a gallows and wheel for executions once stood here
*{{Interlanguage link|Place Royale (Pau)|fr|3=Place Royale (Pau)|lt=''Place Royale''}}: Created by Louis XIV, it was built in its present form with a statue of Henry IV during the reign of Louis Philippe. It includes the Pau Town Hall
*{{Interlanguage link|Place de Verdun (Pau)|fr|3=Place de Verdun (Pau)|lt=''Place de Verdun''}}: A large square today occupied by ample free parking and bordered to the west by the Bernadotte military barracks
*''Place de la Libération'': The Palace of Justice and the Santiago Church are in this square

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Place Clemenceau - Pau.JPG|Place Clemenceau
File:Place Royale de Pau.JPG|Place Royale
File:Paupalaisdejustice.jpg|Place de la Libération
File:Arcades de la Place Gramont Pau.JPG|Arcades of the Place Gramont
File:Paucasernebernadotte.jpg|Place de Verdun
File:Place Reine Marguerite de Pau.JPG|Place Reine-Marguerite
</gallery>

==== Streets ====
{{Main|Boulevard des Pyrénées}}
*The ''Boulevard des Pyrénées'', created on the initiative of Napoleon I as a continuation of the ''Place Royale'', is {{convert|1800|m}} long. The panoramic view from the boulevard extends beyond the hills of [[Gelos]] and [[Jurançon]] to include the [[Pic d'Anie]] at {{convert|2504|m}}, the [[Pic du Midi de Bigorre]] at {{convert|2865|m}} which is topped with an astronomical observatory known worldwide for the quality of its [[sun|solar]] and [[planet]]ary photographs ([[NASA]] used it to prepare for the [[Apollo program|Apollo]] missions), the [[Pic du Midi d'Ossau|Midi d'Ossau]] at {{convert|2884|m}} is of [[Volcano|volcanic]] nature and of distinctive and symbolic shape, as well as [[Balaïtous]] at {{convert|3146|m}} and the [[Vignemale]] at {{convert|3298|m}}, the highest peak in the French Pyrenees. One of the peculiarities of this avenue overlooking the [[Pyrenees]] is the presence of plates of orientation, allowing an alignment with a lightning rod on a factory chimney below, for recognizing the great peaks of the mountain range.

{{Main|{{Interlanguage link|Rue du Maréchal-Joffre (Pau)|fr|3=Rue du Maréchal-Joffre (Pau)|lt=Rue du Maréchal-Joffre}}}}
*The ''Rue du Maréchal-Joffre'' connects the Château Quarter to ''Place Clemenceau'', it was first named ''Grande Rue'' and helped Pau to expand eastward at the end of the Middle Ages. The street assured freedom of movement for traffic as much as it helped to distribute the housing. The large houses of the parliamentarians and notables, from the different eras, can show their façades or give a more discreet entry to the rear of the houses. The [[revenue house]]s, smaller but just as numerous, punctuate the blocks with the succession of their bays. The merchant past is recalled by the presence of the arches of the ''Place de la Vieille-Halle'' (''Place Reine-Marguerite''). The ''Rue du Maréchal-Joffre'' is now fully paved and pedestrianised, after work undertaken between 2011 and 2012.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Rue Serviez de Pau.jpg|''Rue Serviez''
File:Rue Joffre de Pau.JPG|{{Interlanguage link|Rue du Maréchal-Joffre (Pau)|fr|3=Rue du Maréchal-Joffre (Pau)|lt=''Rue du Maréchal-Joffre''}}
File:Boulevard des Pyrénées Pau 5.JPG|The arches of the ''[[Boulevard des Pyrénées]]''
</gallery>

==== Typical districts ====
[[File:Chateau Quartier, Pau.JPG|thumb|left|The Château Quarter in the rain]]
*The Château Quarter: The historic [[Quarter (urban subdivision)|quarter]] of Pau in the narrow old lanes, which gives the quarter a medieval appearance.
*The Hedås Quarter: An old quarter which was built in a ravine which previously crossed a stream, in the heart of the historic city.
{{Main|{{Interlanguage link|Quartier du Hédas|fr}}}}
*The Trespoey Quarter: A very wooded area with many 19th century English-style villas. It is the area of the city of the more bourgeois, historically upmarket. The most prestigious hotels in the city are now here,{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} such as the ''Villa Navarre'' and the ''Beaumont''.
{{Main|{{Interlanguage link|Trespoey|fr}}}}

=== Environmental heritage ===

==== Parks and gardens ====
[[File:Parc Beaumont Pau.JPG|thumb|''Parc Beaumont'']]
Pau is also a green city, having more than {{convert|750|ha}} occupied by green areas, with many rare and exotic species. Pau has been classed "4 flowers" by the Competition of Flowery Cities and Villages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnvvf.fr/26692-parcs_et_jardins_pau-47.html|title=Les villes et villages fleuris – Pau|language=fr|trans-title=Flowery towns and villages – Pau|access-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> In some districts, for example Trespoey, the villas are bathed in vegetation. Pau is thus one of the European cities that have the most square meters of greenery per capita ({{convert|80|m2}} per capita):{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

*''Parc Beaumont'' with a lake, river and [[waterfall]], many [[flower]] beds, a large [[Garden design#Rock garden|rockery]] and a [[rose garden]]. The {{convert|12|ha}} rugby ball-shaped park contains 110 species of trees. Some subjects are "notable" by their size, their age or their rarity such as [[Taxodium distichum|Bald Cypress]] from [[Louisiana]], [[Diospyros virginiana|Virginia persimmon]] and [[Sequoiadendron giganteum|giant sequoia]].
*{{Interlanguage link|Parc Lawrence|fr|3=Parc Lawrence|lt=''Parc Lawrence''}}, a park with old trees, which is home to one of the many 19th century English villas of Pau.
*The National Domain of the [[Château de Pau]], composed of a Renaissance garden with medicinal plants and a park. The large park has walking trails and plenty of open space, for outdoor activities in the middle of the city.
*The ''Sentiers du Roy'', connecting the upper town to the lower town
*Johanto Gardens, at the bottom of the ''Boulevard des Pyrénées'', with its many and strong [[Arecaceae|Palm trees]]
*Contemporary gardens of the Hôtel du Département, in the lower town
*The banks of the Gave de Pau, at [[Billère]] and [[Jurançon]], downstream from the Pont d'Espagne [bridge of Spain] and the Whitewater Arena.
*Besson Square, near the Conservatoire of music and dance with including ''[[Sequoia sempervirens]]''
*The Kōfu Garden, a Japanese garden opened in 2005 with plans provided by the gardeners of the city of [[Kōfu]]
*''Parc en ciel'' [Park in the sky], opened in 2013 in the Hameau Quarter

==== Horizons Palois (Pau Horizons) ====
The notion of ''Horizons Palois'' refers to the desire to protect the major elements which structure the special view from Pau to its natural environment. The view from the heights of Pau includes the saligues of the Gave de Pau and the hillsides of [[Jurançon]] and finally the chain of the Pyrenees. Seventeen sites were registered in 1944 as ''Horizons Palois'', in order to protect them from any construction or alteration that may deteriorate the extraordinary panorama which is particularly visible from the [[Boulevard des Pyrénées]] and the château. The city of Pau has committed several years of reflection to a candidacy of the Horizons to [[UNESCO]] World Heritage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.larepubliquedespyrenees.fr/2011/03/10/le-boulevard-des-pyrenees-de-pau-reve-d-unesco,184081.php|title=Le Boulevard des Pyrénées de Pau rêve d'Unesco|date=10 March 2011 |language=fr|trans-title=The Boulevard des Pyrénées of Pau dreams of Unesco|access-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> This would thus enhance the protection of the panorama, and also be an improvement with the renaming of this site to the general public.
{{See also|{{Interlanguage link|Horizons Palois|fr}}}}

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Terrasse du Pavillon des Arts de Pau 5.jpg|The rooftop terrace of the Pavillon des Arts
File:Pic du Midi de Bigorre depuis Pau.jpg|The Pic du Midi de Bigorre
File:Ossau fenêtre paloise.JPG|A view of the Ossau
</gallery>