Editing International Space Station (section)

===Food and personal hygiene===
{{See also|Space food}}
{{multiple image
| align             = left
| total_width       = 350
| image1            = Zvezda toilet.jpg
| caption1          = The space toilet in the ''[[Zvezda (ISS module)|Zvezda]]'' module in the Russian segment
| image2            = Node_3_toilet.jpg
| caption2          = The main toilet in the US Segment inside the ''[[Tranquility (ISS module)|Tranquility]]'' module
| caption3          = 
| footer            = * Both toilets are a Russian design.
}}
[[File:Meal STS127.jpg|thumb|alt=Nine astronauts seated around a table covered in open cans of food strapped down to the table. In the background a selection of equipment is visible, as well as the salmon-coloured walls of the ''Unity'' node.|The crews of [[Expedition 20]] and [[STS-127]] enjoy a meal inside ''Unity''.]]
[[File:ISS-43 Food table in the Unity module.jpg|thumb|Main dining desk in Node 1]]
[[File:ScienceCasts- Historic Vegetable Moment on the Space Station.webm|thumb|Fresh fruits and vegetables are grown in the ISS.]]
On the USOS, most of the food aboard is vacuum sealed in plastic bags; cans are rare because they are heavy and expensive to transport. Preserved food is not highly regarded by the crew and taste is reduced in microgravity,<ref name="ESALife" /> so efforts are taken to make the food more palatable, including using more spices than in regular cooking. The crew looks forward to the arrival of any spacecraft from Earth as they bring fresh fruit and vegetables. Care is taken that foods do not create crumbs, and liquid condiments are preferred over solid to avoid contaminating station equipment. Each crew member has individual food packages and cooks them in the [[Galley (kitchen)|galley]], which has two food warmers, a refrigerator (added in November 2008), and a water dispenser that provides heated and unheated water.<ref name="NASACrewEquip" /> Drinks are provided as dehydrated powder that is mixed with water before consumption.<ref name="NASACrewEquip" /><ref name="CSALife" /> Drinks and soups are sipped from plastic bags with straws, while solid food is eaten with a knife and fork attached to a tray with magnets to prevent them from floating away. Any food that floats away, including crumbs, must be collected to prevent it from clogging the station's air filters and other equipment.<ref name="CSALife" />

Showers on space stations were introduced in the early 1970s on ''Skylab'' and ''Salyut''&nbsp;3.<ref name="livingandworking">{{Cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4208/contents.htm|title=Living and Working in Space: A History of Skylab|last1=Benson|first1=Charles Dunlap|last2=Compton|first2=William David|date=January 1983|publisher=[[NASA]]|id=SP-4208|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124155632/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4208/contents.htm|archive-date=24 November 2023}}</ref>{{rp|139}}<!--<ref name="belew1977" />{{rp|80}}--> By ''Salyut'' 6, in the early 1980s, the crew complained of the complexity of showering in space, which was a monthly activity.<ref name="Portree1995-86">{{Cite tech report|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4225/documentation/mhh/mirheritage.pdf|title=Mir Hardware Heritage|last=Portree|first=David S. F.|date=March 1995|publisher=[[NASA]]|page=86|oclc=755272548|id=Reference Publication 1357|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810130808/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4225/documentation/mhh/mirheritage.pdf|archive-date=10 August 2023}}</ref> The ISS does not feature a shower; instead, crewmembers wash using a water jet and wet wipes, with soap dispensed from a toothpaste tube-like container. Crews are also provided with rinseless shampoo and edible toothpaste to save water.<ref name="SRLife" /><ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uIjNfZbUYu8|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/uIjNfZbUYu8|archive-date=11 December 2021|url-status=live|title=Karen Nyberg Shows How You Wash Hair in Space|date=12 July 2013|last=Nyberg|first=Karen|publisher=NASA|access-date=6 June 2015|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

There are two [[space toilet]]s on the ISS, both of Russian design, located in ''Zvezda'' and ''Tranquility''.<ref name="NASACrewEquip" /> These Waste and Hygiene Compartments use a fan-driven suction system similar to the Space Shuttle Waste Collection System. Astronauts first fasten themselves to the toilet seat, which is equipped with spring-loaded restraining bars to ensure a good seal.<ref name="ESALife" /> A lever operates a powerful fan and a suction hole slides open: the air stream carries the waste away. Solid waste is collected in individual bags which are stored in an aluminium container. Full containers are transferred to Progress spacecraft for disposal.<ref name="NASACrewEquip" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Lu|first=Ed|date=8 September 2003|title=Greetings Earthling|url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/crew/exp7/luletters/lu_letter9.html|access-date=1 November 2009|publisher=NASA|archive-date=1 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901183936/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/crew/exp7/luletters/lu_letter9.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Liquid waste is evacuated by a hose connected to the front of the toilet, with anatomically correct "urine funnel adapters" attached to the tube so that men and women can use the same toilet. [[Urine diversion|The diverted urine]] is collected and transferred to the Water Recovery System, where it is recycled into drinking water.<ref name="CSALife" /> In 2021, the arrival of the Nauka module also brought a third toilet to the ISS.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJyMw5J-GsQ|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/fJyMw5J-GsQ|archive-date=11 December 2021|url-status=live|title=Thomas tours the MLM module (in French with English subtitles available)|date=18 August 2021|last=Pesquet|first=Thomas|publisher=ESA|access-date=29 August 2021|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>