Editing Industrial Revolution (section)

==Criticisms==
The industrial revolution has been criticised for causing [[ecosystem collapse]], mental illness, pollution and detrimental social systems.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Industrial ecology: concepts and approaches.|first1=L. W.|last1=Jelinski|first2=T. E.|last2=Graedel|first3=R. A.|last3=Laudise|first4=D. W.|last4=McCall|first5=C. K.|last5=Patel|date=1 February 1992|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=89|issue=3|pages=793–797|doi=10.1073/pnas.89.3.793|pmid=11607253|pmc=48326|bibcode=1992PNAS...89..793J|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Dangers of Decoupling: Earth System Crisis and the 'Fourth Industrial Revolution'|first=Michael J.|last=Albert|date=29 April 2020|journal=Global Policy|volume=11|issue=2|pages=245–254|doi=10.1111/1758-5899.12791|s2cid=218777050|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/33445/1/M.Albert%20-%20The%20Dangers%20of%20Decoupling%20%28clean%20R%26R%20version%29.pdf|access-date=25 March 2024|archive-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108041711/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/33445/1/M.Albert%20-%20The%20Dangers%20of%20Decoupling%20%28clean%20R%26R%20version%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> It has also been criticised for valuing [[profit motive|profits]] and corporate growth over life and [[wellbeing]]. Multiple movements have arisen which reject aspects of the industrial revolution, such as the [[Amish]] or [[Anarcho-primitivism|primitivists]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism|author=Thompson, E. P.|year=1967|journal=Past & Present|issue=38|pages=56–97|doi=10.1093/past/38.1.56|jstor=649749}}</ref>

===Individualism humanism and harsh conditions===
{{main|Humanism|Individualism}}
Humanists and individualists criticise the Industrial revolution for mistreating women and children and turning men into work machines that lacked [[autonomy]].<ref>Robert B. Bain "Children and the industrial revolution: Changes in policy." ''OAH Magazine of History'' 15.1 (2000): 48–56.</ref> Critics of the Industrial revolution promoted a more interventionist state and formed new organisations to promote human rights.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/1475483042000224897 | doi=10.1080/1475483042000224897 | title=What are human rights? Six historical controversies | date=2004 | last1=Ishay | first1=Micheline | journal=Journal of Human Rights | volume=3 | issue=3 | pages=359–371 | access-date=15 August 2021 | archive-date=15 August 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815015021/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/1475483042000224897 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Primitivism===
{{main|Pre-industrial society|Anarcho-primitivism|Primitivism}}
[[File:La vida tranquila (25922837736).jpg|thumb|A primitive lifestyle living outside the Industrial Revolution]]
[[Primitivism]] argues that the Industrial Revolution has created an unnatural frame of society and the world in which humans need to adapt to an unnatural urban landscape in which humans are perpetual cogs without personal autonomy.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.fraw.org.uk/data/ap/el-Ojeili_taylor_2020.pdf |author=Chamsy el-Ojeili |author2=Dylan Taylor |date=2020 |title='The Future in the Past': Anarcho-primitivism and the Critique of Civilization Today |journal=Rethinking Marxism |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=168–186 |doi=10.1080/08935696.2020.1727256 |s2cid=219015323 |access-date=6 October 2021 |archive-date=6 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006003121/http://www.fraw.org.uk/data/ap/el-Ojeili_taylor_2020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Certain primitivists argue for a return to pre-industrial society,<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor=30301899|title=The State of Nature: The Political Philosophy of Primitivism and the Culture of Contamination|last1=Smith|first1=Mick|journal=Environmental Values|year=2002|volume=11|issue=4|pages=407–425|doi=10.3197/096327102129341154|bibcode=2002EnvV...11..407S }}</ref> while others argue that technology such as [[modern medicine]], and [[Intensive farming|agriculture]]<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Wild-life: anarchy, ecology, and ethics|first=Mick|last=Smith|date=2007|journal=Environmental Politics|volume=16|issue=3|pages=470–487 |doi=10.1080/09644010701251714|bibcode=2007EnvPo..16..470S |s2cid=144572405}}</ref> are all positive for humanity assuming they are controlled by and serve humanity and have no effect on the natural environment.

===Pollution and ecological collapse===
{{main|Ecosystem collapse}}
The Industrial Revolution has been criticised for leading to immense ecological and habitat destruction. It has led to immense decrease in the [[biodiversity]] of life on Earth. The Industrial revolution has been said to be inherently unsustainable and will lead to eventual [[societal collapse|collapse of society]], mass hunger, starvation, and [[scarcity|resource scarcity]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Climate change, human health, and unsustainable development|first=Angela|last=Mawle|date=1 July 2010|journal=Journal of Public Health Policy|volume=31|issue=2|pages=272–277|doi=10.1057/jphp.2010.12|pmid=20535108|doi-access=free}}</ref>

====The Anthropocene====
The [[Anthropocene]] is a proposed [[epoch]] or mass extinction coming from humanity ([[wikt:anthropo-|anthropo-]] is the Greek root for [[human]]ity). Since the start of the Industrial revolution humanity has permanently changed the Earth, such as immense decrease in biodiversity, and [[mass extinction]] caused by the Industrial revolution. The effects include permanent changes to the Earth's [[atmosphere]] and soil, [[biosphere]], and [[Climate change|climate]]. Most organisms are unable to adapt leading to [[mass extinction]] with the remaining undergoing [[evolutionary rescue]], as a result of the Industrial revolution.

Permanent changes in the distribution of organisms from human influence will become identifiable in the [[geologic record]]. Researchers have documented the movement of many species into regions formerly too cold for them, often at rates faster than initially expected.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harvey |first1=Fiona |author-link=Fiona Harvey |date=18 August 2011 |title=Climate change driving species out of habitats much faster than expected |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/18/climate-change-species-habitats |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609104739/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/18/climate-change-species-habitats |archive-date=9 June 2021 |access-date=8 November 2015 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> This has occurred in part as a result of changing climate, but also in response to farming and fishing, and to the accidental introduction of non-native species to new areas through global travel.<ref name="Science2016">{{cite journal |title=The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene |author=Waters, C.N. |journal=Science |volume=351 |issue=6269 |page=aad2622 |doi=10.1126/science.aad2622 |date=8 January 2016 |pmid=26744408 |bibcode=2016Sci...351.2622W |s2cid=206642594 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> The ecosystem of the entire [[Black Sea]] may have changed during the last 2000 years as a result of nutrient and silica input from eroding deforested lands along the [[Danube River]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/14/from-ancient-deforestation-a-delta-is-born/|last=Nuwer|first=Rachel|author-link=Rachel Nuwer|website=The New York Times|title=From Ancient Deforestation, a Delta Is Born|date=14 September 2012|access-date=14 June 2018|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501005406/https://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/14/from-ancient-deforestation-a-delta-is-born/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Opposition from Romanticism===
{{Main|Romanticism}}
During the Industrial Revolution, an intellectual and artistic hostility towards the new industrialisation developed, associated with the Romantic movement. Romanticism revered the traditionalism of rural life and recoiled against the upheavals caused by industrialisation, urbanisation and the wretchedness of the working classes.<ref>Michael Löwy and Robert Sayre, eds., ''Romanticism against the Tide of Modernity'' (Duke University Press, 2001).</ref> Its major exponents in English included the artist and poet [[William Blake]] and poets [[William Wordsworth]], [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], [[John Keats]], [[George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron|Lord Byron]] and [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]].

The movement stressed the importance of "nature" in art and language, in contrast to "monstrous" machines and factories; the "Dark satanic mills" of Blake's poem "[[And did those feet in ancient time]]".<ref>ICONS – a portrait of England. Icon: Jerusalem (hymn) [http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/jerusalem/features/and-did-those-feet Feature: And did those feet?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212021243/http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/jerusalem/features/and-did-those-feet |date=12 December 2009 }} Accessed 28 June 2021</ref> [[Mary Shelley]]'s ''[[Frankenstein]]'' reflected concerns that scientific progress might be two-edged. French Romanticism likewise was highly critical of industry.<ref>AJ George, ''The development of French romanticism: the impact of the industrial revolution on literature'' (1955)</ref>