Editing Foreign relations of Taiwan (section)

====United States====
{{Main|Taiwan–United States relations}}
{{Further|History of China–United States relations}}

[[File:Eisenhower visits Taiwan (June 1960).jpg|thumb|U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] and President [[Chiang Kai-shek]] of ROC in Taiwan, 1960]]
[[File:U.S. President Eisenhower visited TAIWAN 美國總統艾森豪於1960年6月訪問臺灣台北時與蔣中正總統-2.jpg|thumb|Chiang Kai-shek and Eisenhower wave to the crowd during visit to Taiwan in June 1960.]]

The ROC and the U.S. signed a formal treaty of commerce and navigation in 1948. ROC passport holders can thus be granted an E1 and E2 Visa, with indefinite renewal status, based on continued operation of their enterprise<ref>{{cite web|date=14 January 2014|title=E-2 Treaty Investors|url=https://www.uscis.gov/working-united-states/temporary-workers/e-2-treaty-investors|website=USCIS|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-date=21 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221180246/https://www.uscis.gov/working-united-states/temporary-workers/e-2-treaty-investors|url-status=live}}</ref> in the US.<ref>{{cite web|title=Treaty Countries|url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/visa-information-resources/fees/treaty.html|website=travel.state.gov|access-date=17 January 2018|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125054336/https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/visa-information-resources/fees/treaty.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1979 the US recognised the PRC instead of ROC.<ref>{{Citation|author=U.S. Congress|title=Taiwan Relations Act|date=1 January 1979|url=http://www.ait.org.tw/en/taiwan-relations-act.html|publisher=American Institute in Taiwan website|access-date=30 January 2011|archive-date=15 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815173437/http://www.ait.org.tw/en/taiwan-relations-act.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Commercial<ref>{{cite web|title=Taiwan – United States Trade Representative|url=http://www.ustr.gov/countries-regions/china/taiwan|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=28 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128140049/https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/china/taiwan|url-status=live}}</ref> (such as [[Trade and Investment Framework Agreement]] signed in 1994,<ref name="Taiwan – Trade Summary">{{cite web|title=Taiwan – Trade Summary|url=http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/reports/2008/NTE/asset_upload_file508_14610.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128202521/http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/reports/2008/NTE/asset_upload_file508_14610.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2015|access-date=22 December 2016|website=Ustr.gov}}</ref> TIFA<ref>{{cite web|title=United States and Taiwan Enhance Trade Ties|url=http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/press-releases/2014/April/United-States-and-Taiwan-Enhance-Trade-Ties|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407103934/http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/press-releases/2014/April/United-States-and-Taiwan-Enhance-Trade-Ties|archive-date=7 April 2014|access-date=22 December 2016|website=Ustr.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Agreement between the American Institute in Taiwan and the Coordination Council for North American Affairs|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/IMG/pdf/19940919-Agreement_for_Trade_and_Investment__Trade_.pdf|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Bilaterals.org|archive-date=31 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831225742/http://www.bilaterals.org/IMG/pdf/19940919-Agreement_for_Trade_and_Investment__Trade_.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Taiwan-U.S. Relations: Developments and Policy Implications|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40493.pdf|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Fas.org|archive-date=23 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223220032/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40493.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Taiwan – Trade Summary" />), cultural and other substantial relations are currently governed, [[inter alia]], by the 1979 [[Taiwan Relations Act]]. The Act does not recognise the terminology of "Republic of China". United States policy does not support or oppose Taiwan's independence; instead US policy takes a neutral position of "non-support" for Taiwan's independence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kan|first1=Shirley A.|last2=Morrison|first2=Wayne M.|date=December 11, 2014|title=U.S.-Taiwan Relationship: Overview of Policy Issues|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41952.pdf|journal=Congressional Research Service|page=4|archive-date=9 February 2017|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209020012/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41952.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

U.S. [[deputy assistant secretary|Deputy Assistant Secretary]] of State Alex Wong officially<ref>{{cite web|title=Wong, Alex N.|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/bureau/277461.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323030419/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/bureau/277461.htm|archive-date=23 March 2018}}</ref> visited the ROC in March 2018 to protest the amendment of the PRC Constitution that removed Presidential tenure restrictions.<ref>{{cite news|last=Horton|first=Chris|date=21 March 2018|title=In Taiwan, U.S. Official Says Commitment 'Has Never Been Stronger'|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/21/world/asia/taiwan-china-alex-wong.html|archive-date=30 March 2018|access-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330083429/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/21/world/asia/taiwan-china-alex-wong.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2002, Minister of Justice [[Chen Ding-nan]] became the first Taiwanese government official to be invited to visit the [[White House]] after the switch.

While the U.S. acknowledged PRC's [[One China|one-China principle]] in 1979,<ref>{{cite news |title=Milestones in relations between the U.S., China and Taiwan |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/milestones-relations-between-us-china-taiwan-2022-08-02/ |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=2 August 2022 |language=en |quote=The United States endorses the 'One China Policy' and switches diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014143030/https://www.reuters.com/world/milestones-relations-between-us-china-taiwan-2022-08-02/ |url-status=live }}</ref> it did not accept the PRC's claim on Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Challenges and Opportunities in the Taiwan Strait|url=https://www.ncuscr.org/sites/default/files/page_attachments/New-Challenges-and-Opportunities-in-the-Taiwan-Strait.pdf|access-date=22 December 2016|website=Ncuscr.org|archive-date=27 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227062938/https://www.ncuscr.org/sites/default/files/page_attachments/New-Challenges-and-Opportunities-in-the-Taiwan-Strait.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Milestones: 1953–1960 – Office of the Historian|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/china-talks|website=history.state.gov|access-date=5 September 2017|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020172812/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/china-talks|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wilson Center Digital Archive|url=http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/collection/74/sino-us-ambassadorial-talks-1955-1970|website=digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org|access-date=5 September 2017|archive-date=5 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905100421/http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/collection/74/sino-us-ambassadorial-talks-1955-1970|url-status=live}}</ref> The unofficial name "Taiwan" was mentioned in the [[Three Communiqués]] between the United States and China. Consistent with the United States' one-China policy, raising the ROC flag on an official government facility's property within U.S. territory is not approved by the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=State Department Daily Press Briefing|url=http://translations.state.gov/st/english/texttrans/2015/01/20150105312689.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128113633/http://translations.state.gov/st/english/texttrans/2015/01/20150105312689.html|archive-date=28 January 2015|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Daily Press Briefing – January 7, 2015|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2015/01/235660.htm|access-date=21 February 2015|work=U.S. Department of State|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731174612/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2015/01/235660.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Taiwan passport]] holders are included in the U.S. Visa Waiver Program for a stay of 90 days.<ref>{{cite web|title=American Institute in Taiwan – Visa Waiver Program|url=http://www.ait.org.tw/en/vwp.html|access-date=25 April 2013|publisher=Ait.org.tw|archive-date=13 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413093113/http://www.ait.org.tw/en/vwp.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="90 days">{{cite news |title=What visitors should know about updated entry rules – Taipei Times |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2022/09/30/2003786179 |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=www.taipeitimes.com |date=30 September 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014144050/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2022/09/30/2003786179 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After 1979, the [[US–Taiwan Business Council]] continued to facilitate commercial activity (mostly semiconductor technology related) and arms sales service.<ref>{{cite web|author=Lotta Danielsson-Murphy|title=USTaiwan Business Council – U.S., Taiwan, China Technology Integration|url=http://www.us-taiwan.org/tech/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207021139/http://us-taiwan.org/tech/index.html|archive-date=7 December 2013|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Us-taiwan.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Lotta Danielsson-Murphy|title=USTaiwan Business Council – U.S., Taiwan, China Technology Integration – Products|url=http://www.us-taiwan.org/tech/products.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224092053/http://www.us-taiwan.org/tech/products.html|archive-date=24 December 2013|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Us-taiwan.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Lotta Danielsson-Murphy|title=USTaiwan Business Council – Defense & Security – Home|url=http://www.us-taiwan.org/defense/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110557/http://www.us-taiwan.org/defense/|archive-date=24 December 2013|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Us-taiwan.org}}</ref> The [[United States House of Representatives]] added an amendment to the fiscal year 2016 US defense budget that includes a clause urging the ROC's participation in the biennial Rim of the Pacific ([[RIMPAC]]) exercise.<ref>{{cite web|last=Phipps|first=Gavin|date=21 May 2015|title=Taiwan 'welcomes' congressional pressure over RIMPAC invitation|url=http://www.janes.com/article/51617/taiwan-welcomes-congressional-pressure-over-rimpac-invitation|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303142108/http://www.janes.com/article/51617/taiwan-welcomes-congressional-pressure-over-rimpac-invitation|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref> The [[United States State Department]] has close bilateral cooperation with the ROC through [[Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs]]' [[Fulbright Program]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Fulbright Visiting (Non-U.S.) Scholar Program: Participating Country List|url=http://www.cies.org/fulbright-visiting-non-us-scholar-program-participating-country-list|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=26 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426011231/http://www.cies.org/fulbright-visiting-non-us-scholar-program-participating-country-list|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Fulbright Commissions – Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs|url=http://eca.state.gov/fulbright/about-fulbright/funding-and-administration/fulbright-commissions|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=1 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101172159/http://eca.state.gov/fulbright/about-fulbright/funding-and-administration/fulbright-commissions|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="fulbright.org.tw">{{cite web|title=Fulbright Taiwan, Foundation for Scholarly Exchange|url=http://www.fulbright.org.tw/dispPageBox/MainEn.aspx?ddsPageID=FOSEENGHP|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209235210/http://www.fulbright.org.tw/dispPageBox/MainEn.aspx?ddsPageID=FOSEENGHP|archive-date=9 February 2015|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>

Recent disputes between the U.S. and the ROC include the ROC's ban on the import of U.S. beef and U.S. pork, which was resolved after the ROC adopted the new standard of a maximum residue limit for [[ractopamine]] in both beef and pork.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pork not a priority between Taiwan, US: official|newspaper=[[The China Post]]|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/foreign-affairs/2014/09/23/417820/Pork-not.htm|access-date=22 December 2016}}</ref>

[[File:總統出席接見美國聯邦參議院軍事委員會馬侃（John McCain）主席訪問團 (26882360893).jpg|thumb|left|President [[Tsai Ing-wen]] meets with US Senate delegation led by [[John McCain]], June 2016]]

In 2007, a measure was introduced into the [[United States Congress]] that would dramatically strengthen US ties with the ROC.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 February 2007|title=Taiwan: US Calls for Diplomatic Relations|url=http://www.unpo.org/article.php?id=6316|access-date=25 April 2013|publisher=UNPO|archive-date=1 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101182045/http://www.unpo.org/article.php?id=6316|url-status=dead}}</ref> The United States House of Representatives passed a resolution calling for the lifting of curbs on visits by high-ranking or top ROC officials. The Resolution noted that "whenever high-level visitors from the ROC, including the President, seek to come to the United States, their requests result in a period of complex, lengthy and humiliating negotiations." It further said: "Lifting these restrictions will help bring a friend and ally of the United States out of its isolation, which will be beneficial to peace and stability in the [[Asia–Pacific]] Region."<ref>{{cite web|title=Text of S.Con.Res.48 as Introduced in Senate: A concurrent resolution expressing the sense of Congress regarding... OpenCongress|url=http://www.opencongress.org/bill/110-sc48/text|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102154705/http://www.opencongress.org/bill/110-sc48/text|archive-date=2 November 2012|access-date=25 April 2013|publisher=Opencongress.org}}</ref>

A bill was introduced to back the ROC's request to join the UN. The bill stated that the ROC and its 23 million people "deserve membership in the United Nations" and that the United States should fulfill a commitment "to more actively support Taiwan's membership in appropriate international organizations." The bill was introduced on 8 November 2007. The move was led by New Jersey Representative [[Scott Garrett]].<ref>{{cite web|date=20 October 2007|title=US lawmakers introduce bill backing UN membership for Taiwan |via=Yahoo! News|url=http://au.news.yahoo.com/071110/19/14w5t.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20071020013105/http://au.news.yahoo.com/071110/19/14w5t.html|archive-date=20 October 2007}}</ref>

Unofficial diplomatic relations are nevertheless maintained on both sides by means of [[de facto embassy|''de facto'' embassies]], which are technically "private organizations" staffed and funded by the respective State Departments. The ROC's ''de facto'' embassy network is the [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office]] (TECRO) with offices in Washington, D.C., 12 other US cities and many other countries without official ties. The US' analogous organization is the [[American Institute in Taiwan]] (AIT). As of 2010, officials of the ROC had made quasi-official level US visits at a governmental and political level.<ref name="brookings.edu" /><ref>{{cite web|title=American Institute in Taiwan|url=http://www.ait.org.tw/en/pressrelease-pr1417.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221171649/http://www.ait.org.tw/en/pressrelease-pr1417.html|archive-date=21 February 2015|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>

The [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] in July 2019 approved the selling of 108 M1A2T Abrams tanks and 250 Stinger missiles to Taiwan. The US [[Defense Security Cooperation Agency]] said that the arms sale serves "US national, economic, and security interests by supporting" Taiwan's "continuing efforts to modernize its armed forces and to maintain a credible defensive capability."<ref>{{cite web|title=US approves major arms sale to Taiwan amid trade tensions with Beijing|date=8 July 2019 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/08/politics/us-arms-sale-taiwan/index.html|access-date=9 July 2019|publisher=CNN}}</ref>

In August 2019, the Trump administration officially announced arms sale to Taiwan, worth USD eight billion, which includes the latest Lockheed Martin-built 66 new F-16C/D fighter jets.<ref name="USA relations" /> China immediately criticized the deal, citing it as detrimental to its sovereignty and interests.<ref>{{cite web|title=It's Official! Trump Admin Sends Taiwan F-16 Deal To Congress, Here's What's in It|date=20 August 2019|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/29490/its-official-trump-admin-sends-taiwan-f-16-deal-to-congress-heres-whats-in-it|access-date=20 August 2019|publisher=The Drive|archive-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821024552/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/29490/its-official-trump-admin-sends-taiwan-f-16-deal-to-congress-heres-whats-in-it|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 9 August 2020, U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services [[Alex Azar]] arrived in Taiwan. It marked the highest-level US official visit to Taiwan since 1979.<ref>{{cite web |last1= Blanchard |first1= Ben |title= U.S. health chief arrives in Taiwan on trip condemned by China |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-usa/u-s-health-chief-arrives-in-taiwan-on-trip-condemned-by-china-idUSKCN2550DI |work=[[Reuters]] |date=9 August 2020 |access-date=12 August 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200813043619/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-usa/u-s-health-chief-arrives-in-taiwan-on-trip-condemned-by-china-idUSKCN2550DI | archive-date=13 August 2020}}</ref> As retaliation, the Chinese force jets flew over the mid-line of the Taiwan Strait, which is in the air defense identification zone.<ref name="azar visit">{{cite news |title=Pelosi Taiwan visit: Beijing vows consequences if US politician travels to island |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-62310576 |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=[[BBC]] News |date=27 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="air zone">{{cite news |last1=Wong |first1=Edward |last2=Sanger |first2=David E. |last3=Qin |first3=Amy |title=U.S. Officials Grow More Concerned About Potential Action by China on Taiwan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/25/us/politics/china-taiwan-biden-pelosi.html |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=25 July 2022 |quote=as it did in 2020 in response to a visit by Alex Azar, then the U.S. secretary of health and human services.  Chinese fighter jets have crossed that line and flown into the island's air defense identification zone with increasing frequency since 2020}}</ref> The visit was also the highest profile visit since the introduction of Taiwan Travel Act.<ref name="azar visit high profile">{{cite news |title=US health secretary starts historic Taiwan visit |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3096660/us-health-secretary-alex-azar-starts-taiwan-visit-and-says-he |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |date=9 August 2020 |language=en |quote=US Secretary of Health Alex Azar arrived in Taiwan on Sunday, making him the highest ranking American official to visit the island since 1979. The visit is also the most high-profile since the Taiwan Travel Act}}</ref>

In August 2022, the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|U.S. House Speaker]], [[Nancy Pelosi]] visited the island, an act that was strongly condemned by [[China]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/02/politics/nancy-pelosi-visit-taipei-taiwan-trip/index.html | title=US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi lands in Taiwan amid threats of Chinese retaliation | website=[[CNN International]] | date=2 August 2022 }}</ref>

China sent fighter jets and drones near Taiwan on 27 October 2024  in response to a new $2 billion U.S. arms package for Taiwan, escalating tensions in the Taiwan Strait.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 October 2024|title=China held 'combat' patrol after latest US arms sales to Taiwan, says Taipei |newspaper=Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/taiwan-says-china-holds-combat-patrol-after-latest-us-arms-sales|access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 October 2024|title=Taiwan reports Chinese 'combat patrol' after Beijing slams US arms deal |newspaper=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-vows-countermeasures-after-2-bln-us-arms-sale-taiwan-2024-10-27/  |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref>