Editing Cocaine (section)

=== Legal status ===
{{Main|Legal status of cocaine}}
[[File:Legal_status_of_cocaine_possession.png|thumb|Legal status of cocaine possession]]

The production, distribution, and sale of cocaine products is restricted (and illegal in most contexts) in most countries as regulated by the [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs]], and the [[United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances]]. In the United States the manufacture, importation, possession, and distribution of cocaine are additionally regulated by the 1970 [[Controlled Substances Act]].

Some countries, such as Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru, permit the cultivation of coca leaf for traditional consumption by the local [[indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous population]], but nevertheless, prohibit the production, sale, and consumption of cocaine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/19/bolivia-cocaine-bar-route-36|title=The world's first cocaine bar| vauthors = Franklin J |date=18 August 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077|access-date=23 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112142609/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/19/bolivia-cocaine-bar-route-36|archive-date=12 January 2017}}</ref> The provisions as to how much a coca farmer can yield annually is protected by laws such as the Bolivian Cato accord.<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Grisaffi T |title=The Cato Accord: Bolivia's Humane and Effective Approach to Controlling Coca Cultivation|url=https://ain-bolivia.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Cato-Accord-Bolivias-Humane-and-Effective-Approach-to-Controlling-Coca-Cultivation.pdf|website=ain-bolivia.org|access-date=12 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503160349/https://ain-bolivia.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Cato-Accord-Bolivias-Humane-and-Effective-Approach-to-Controlling-Coca-Cultivation.pdf|archive-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> In addition, some parts of Europe, the United States, and Australia allow processed cocaine for medicinal uses only.

==== Australia ====
Cocaine is a Schedule 8 controlled drug in Australia under the [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons|Poisons Standard]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2023L01294/asmade/text|title=Therapeutic Goods (Poisons Standard—October 2023) Instrument 2023|website=Federal Register of Legislation|date=26 September 2023 |publisher=Australian Government|access-date=22 January 2024}}</ref> It is the second most popular illicit recreational drug in Australia [[Cannabis in Australia|behind cannabis]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/illicit-drug-use|title=Illicit drug use|date=13 December 2023|website=Australian Institute of Health and Welfare|access-date=22 January 2024|archive-date=20 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120123407/https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/illicit-drug-use|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Western Australia]] under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1981 4.0g of cocaine is the amount of prohibited drugs determining a court of trial, 2.0g is the amount of cocaine required for the presumption of intention to sell or supply and 28.0g is the amount of cocaine required for purposes of drug trafficking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/prod/filestore.nsf/FileURL/mrdoc_46172.pdf/$FILE/Misuse%20Of%20Drugs%20Act%201981%20-%20%5B08-f0-00%5D.pdf?OpenElement|title=Misuse of Drugs Act 1981|website=Western Australian Legislation|publisher=Government of Western Australia Department of Justice Parliamentary Counsel's Office|access-date=22 January 2024|archive-date=17 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217143325/https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/prod/filestore.nsf/FileURL/mrdoc_46172.pdf/$FILE/Misuse%20Of%20Drugs%20Act%201981%20-%20%5B08-f0-00%5D.pdf?OpenElement|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== United States ====
{{See also|Cocaine in the United States}}
[[File:George_H._W._Bush_holds_up_a_bag_of_crack_cocaine_during_his_Address_to_the_Nation_on_National_Drug_Control_Strategy.jpg|thumb|upright |President [[George H. W. Bush]] holds up a bag of [[crack cocaine]] during his Address to the Nation on National Drug Control Strategy on September 5, 1989.]]

The US federal government instituted a national [[drug labelling]] requirement for cocaine and cocaine-containing products through the [[Pure Food and Drug Act]] of 1906.{{sfn|Gootenberg|1999|p=37}} The next important federal regulation was the [[Harrison Narcotics Tax Act]] of 1914. While this act is often seen as the start of prohibition, the act itself was not actually a prohibition on cocaine, but instead set up a regulatory and licensing regime.{{sfn|Madge|2001|p=106}} The Harrison Act did not recognize addiction as a treatable condition and therefore the therapeutic use of cocaine, heroin, or morphine to such individuals was outlawed{{Spaced ndash}} leading a 1915 editorial in the journal ''American Medicine'' to remark that the addict "is denied the medical care he urgently needs, open, above-board sources from which he formerly obtained his drug supply are closed to him, and he is driven to the underworld where he can get his drug, but of course, surreptitiously and in violation of the law."<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Narcotic drug addiction|journal=American Medicine|date=November 1915|page=799|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tvAAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA799|access-date=29 April 2018|publisher=American-Medicine Publishing Company|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509174117/https://books.google.com/books?id=tvAAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA799|archive-date=9 May 2018}}</ref> The Harrison Act left manufacturers of cocaine untouched so long as they met certain purity and labeling standards.{{sfn|Gootenberg|1999|p=40}} Despite that cocaine was typically illegal to sell and legal outlets were rarer, the quantities of legal cocaine produced declined very little.{{sfn|Gootenberg|1999|p=40}} Legal cocaine quantities did not decrease until the [[Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act|Jones–Miller Act]] of 1922 put serious restrictions on cocaine manufactures.{{sfn|Gootenberg|1999|p=40}}

Before the early 1900s, newspapers primarily portrayed addiction-not violence or crime-as the main problem caused by cocaine use, and depicted cocaine users as upper or middle class [[White people]]. In 1914, The New York Times published an article titled "Negro Cocaine 'Fiends' Are a New Southern Menace," portraying [[Black people]] who used cocaine as dangerous and able to withstand wounds that would normally be fatal.<ref>{{Cite book |vauthors=Brown E, Barganier G |title=Race and Crime: Geographies of Injustice |date=2018 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Oakland, California |isbn=978-0-520-29418-9 |pages=207–209 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ChtDwAAQBAJ |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412145040/https://books.google.com/books?id=2ChtDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986]] mandated the same prison sentences for distributing 500 grams of powdered cocaine and just 5 grams of crack cocaine.<ref>{{Cite book |vauthors=Moore NM |title=The Political Roots of Racial Tracking in American Criminal Justice |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-1-107-02297-3 |page=270 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKwPBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA270 |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406100009/https://books.google.com/books?id=QKwPBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA270 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[National Survey on Drug Use and Health]], white respondents reported a higher rate of powdered cocaine use, and Black respondents reported a higher rate of crack cocaine use.<ref>{{Cite book |vauthors=Glaser J |title=Suspect Race: Causes and Consequences of Racial Profiling |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-19-537040-9 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3GjDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412145042/https://books.google.com/books?id=3GjDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |url-status=live }}</ref>