Editing Philips (section)

=== Planned obsolescence ===
Philips was a member of the 1925 [[Phoebus cartel]] along with [[Osram]], [[Tungsram]], [[Associated Electrical Industries]], {{interlanguage link|ELIN|de|ELIN}}, [[Compagnie des Lampes]], International [[General Electric]], and the GE Overseas Group,<ref name="Time_23Jul1945_PhoebusCartel_p1">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,803625,00.html|title=Corporations: A Very Tough Baby|date=23 July 1945|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time Magazine]]|access-date=11 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801214915/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,803625,00.html|archive-date=1 August 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> holding shares in the Swiss corporation proportional to their lamp sales. The cartel lowered operational costs and worked to standardize the life expectancy of light bulbs at 1,000 hours<ref name=ieee-bulb>{{Cite journal
 |title=The Great Lightbulb Conspiracy
 |journal=[[IEEE Spectrum]]
 |date=24 September 2014
|author=Markus Krajewski
 |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-great-lightbulb-conspiracy
 |access-date=3 November 2017
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029040239/https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-history/dawn-of-electronics/the-great-lightbulb-conspiracy
 |archive-date=29 October 2017
|url-status=live
 }}</ref> (down from 2,500 hours),<ref name="ieee-bulb" /> and raised prices without fear of competition. The cartel tested their bulbs and fined manufacturers for bulbs that lasted more than 1,000 hours.