Editing Fusion power (section)

=== 2010s ===
[[File:Preamplifier at the National Ignition Facility.jpg|upright=1.15|thumb|The preamplifiers of the National Ignition Facility. In 2012, the NIF achieved a 500-terawatt shot.]]
[[File:Wendelstein7-X Torushall-2011.jpg|upright=1.15|thumb|The Wendelstein7X under construction]]
[[File:W7X-Spulen Plasma blau gelb.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Example of a stellarator design: A coil system (blue) surrounds plasma (yellow). A magnetic field line is highlighted in green on the yellow plasma surface.]]

Private and public research accelerated in the 2010s. General Fusion developed plasma injector technology and Tri Alpha Energy tested its C-2U device.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Clery|first=Daniel|date=April 28, 2017|title=Private fusion machines aim to beat massive global effort|journal=Science|language=en|volume=356|issue=6336|pages=360–361|bibcode=2017Sci...356..360C|doi=10.1126/science.356.6336.360|issn=0036-8075|pmid=28450588|s2cid=206621512}}</ref> The French [[Laser Mégajoule]] began operation. NIF achieved net energy gain<ref>{{cite web |title=PW 2012: fusion laser on track for 2012 burn |publisher=Optics.org |author=SPIE Europe Ltd |url=http://optics.org/news/3/1/37 |access-date=June 22, 2013}}</ref> in 2013, as defined in the very limited sense as the hot spot at the core of the collapsed target, rather than the whole target.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-24429621 |title=Nuclear fusion milestone passed at US lab |publisher=BBC News |access-date=October 30, 2014}}</ref>

In 2014, [[Phoenix Nuclear Labs]] sold a high-yield [[neutron generator]] that could sustain 5×10<sup>11</sup> [[deuterium]] fusion reactions per second over a 24-hour period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phoenixnuclearlabs.com/product/high-yield-neutron-generator/|title=The Alectryon High Yield Neutron Generator|year=2013|publisher=Phoenix Nuclear Labs}}</ref>

In 2015, [[MIT]] announced a [[tokamak]] it named the [[ARC fusion reactor]], using [[rare-earth barium-copper oxide]] (REBCO) superconducting tapes to produce high-magnetic field coils that it claimed could produce comparable magnetic field strength in a smaller configuration than other designs.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chandler |first=David L. |title=A small, modular, efficient fusion plant |work=MIT News |publisher=MIT News Office |url=http://newsoffice.mit.edu/2015/small-modular-efficient-fusion-plant-0810 |date=August 10, 2015}}</ref>

In October, researchers at the [[Max Planck Institute of Plasma Physics]] in Greifswald, Germany, completed building the largest [[stellarator]] to date, the [[Wendelstein 7-X]] (W7-X). The W7-X stellarator began Operational phase 1 (OP1.1) on December 10, 2015, successfully producing helium plasma.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0029-5515/55/12/126001|title=Plans for the first plasma operation of Wendelstein 7-X|journal=Nuclear Fusion |date=November 2015 |volume=55 |issue=12 |page=126001 |doi=10.1088/0029-5515/55/12/126001 |last1=Sunn Pedersen |first1=T. |last2=Andreeva |first2=T. |last3=Bosch |first3=H. -S |last4=Bozhenkov |first4=S. |last5=Effenberg |first5=F. |last6=Endler |first6=M. |last7=Feng |first7=Y. |last8=Gates |first8=D. A. |last9=Geiger |first9=J. |last10=Hartmann |first10=D. |last11=Hölbe |first11=H. |last12=Jakubowski |first12=M. |last13=König |first13=R. |last14=Laqua |first14=H. P. |last15=Lazerson |first15=S. |last16=Otte |first16=M. |last17=Preynas |first17=M. |last18=Schmitz |first18=O. |last19=Stange |first19=T. |last20=Turkin |first20=Y. |bibcode=2015NucFu..55l6001P |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0029-04EB-D |s2cid=67798335 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The objective was to test vital systems and understand the machine's physics. By February 2016, hydrogen plasma was achieved, with temperatures reaching up to 100 million Kelvin. The initial tests used five graphite limiters. After over 2,000 pulses and achieving significant milestones, OP1.1 concluded on March 10, 2016. An upgrade followed, and OP1.2 in 2017 aimed to test an uncooled divertor. By June 2018, record temperatures were reached. W7-X concluded its first campaigns with limiter and island divertor tests, achieving notable advancements by the end of 2018.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Confirmation of the topology of the Wendelstein 7-X magnetic field to better than 1:100,000 |journal=Nature Communications |volume=7 |pages=13493 |doi=10.1038/ncomms13493|pmid=27901043 |pmc=5141350 |year=2016 |last1=Pedersen |first1=T. Sunn |last2=Otte |first2=M. |last3=Lazerson |first3=S. |last4=Helander |first4=P. |last5=Bozhenkov |first5=S. |last6=Biedermann |first6=C. |last7=Klinger |first7=T. |last8=Wolf |first8=R. C. |last9=Bosch |first9=H. -S. |last10=Abramovic |first10=Ivana |last11=Äkäslompolo |first11=Simppa |last12=Aleynikov |first12=Pavel |last13=Aleynikova |first13=Ksenia |last14=Ali |first14=Adnan |last15=Alonso |first15=Arturo |last16=Anda |first16=Gabor |last17=Andreeva |first17=Tamara |last18=Ascasibar |first18=Enrique |last19=Baldzuhn |first19=Jürgen |last20=Banduch |first20=Martin |last21=Barbui |first21=Tullio |last22=Beidler |first22=Craig |last23=Benndorf |first23=Andree |last24=Beurskens |first24=Marc |last25=Biel |first25=Wolfgang |last26=Birus |first26=Dietrich |last27=Blackwell |first27=Boyd |last28=Blanco |first28=Emilio |last29=Blatzheim |first29=Marko |last30=Bluhm |first30=Torsten |display-authors=29 |bibcode=2016NatCo...713493P }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Performance of Wendelstein 7-X stellarator plasmas during the first divertor operation phase|first1=R. C.|last1=Wolf|first2=A.|last2=Alonso|first3=S.|last3=Äkäslompolo|first4=J.|last4=Baldzuhn|first5=M.|last5=Beurskens|first6=C. D.|last6=Beidler|first7=C.|last7=Biedermann|first8=H.-S.|last8=Bosch|first9=S.|last9=Bozhenkov|first10=R.|last10=Brakel|first11=H.|last11=Braune|first12=S.|last12=Brezinsek|first13=K.-J.|last13=Brunner|first14=H.|last14=Damm|first15=A.|last15=Dinklage|first16=P.|last16=Drewelow|first17=F.|last17=Effenberg|first18=Y.|last18=Feng|first19=O.|last19=Ford|first20=G.|last20=Fuchert|first21=Y.|last21=Gao|first22=J.|last22=Geiger|first23=O.|last23=Grulke|first24=N.|last24=Harder|first25=D.|last25=Hartmann|first26=P.|last26=Helander|first27=B.|last27=Heinemann|first28=M.|last28=Hirsch|first29=U.|last29=Höfel|first30=C.|last30=Hopf|first31=K.|last31=Ida|first32=M.|last32=Isobe|first33=M. W.|last33=Jakubowski|first34=Y. O.|last34=Kazakov|first35=C.|last35=Killer|first36=T.|last36=Klinger|first37=J.|last37=Knauer|first38=R.|last38=König|first39=M.|last39=Krychowiak|first40=A.|last40=Langenberg|first41=H. P.|last41=Laqua|first42=S.|last42=Lazerson|first43=P.|last43=McNeely|first44=S.|last44=Marsen|first45=N.|last45=Marushchenko|first46=R.|last46=Nocentini|first47=K.|last47=Ogawa|first48=G.|last48=Orozco|first49=M.|last49=Osakabe|first50=M.|last50=Otte|first51=N.|last51=Pablant|first52=E.|last52=Pasch|first53=A.|last53=Pavone|first54=M.|last54=Porkolab|first55=A.|last55=Puig Sitjes|first56=K.|last56=Rahbarnia|first57=R.|last57=Riedl|first58=N.|last58=Rust|first59=E.|last59=Scott|first60=J.|last60=Schilling|first61=R.|last61=Schroeder|first62=T.|last62=Stange|first63=A.|last63=von Stechow|first64=E.|last64=Strumberger|first65=T.|last65=Sunn Pedersen|first66=J.|last66=Svensson|first67=H.|last67=Thomson|first68=Y.|last68=Turkin|first69=L.|last69=Vano|first70=T.|last70=Wauters|first71=G.|last71=Wurden|first72=M.|last72=Yoshinuma|first73=M.|last73=Zanini|first74=D.|last74=Zhang|date=August 1, 2019|journal=Physics of Plasmas|volume=26|issue=8|pages=082504|doi=10.1063/1.5098761|bibcode=2019PhPl...26h2504W |s2cid=202127809 |doi-access=free|hdl=1721.1/130063|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Experimental confirmation of efficient island divertor operation and successful neoclassical transport optimization in Wendelstein 7-X|journal=Nuclear Fusion |date=April 2022 |volume=62 |issue=4 |page=042022 |doi=10.1088/1741-4326/ac2cf5 |last1=Sunn Pedersen |first1=Thomas |last2=Abramovic |first2=I. |last3=Agostinetti |first3=P. |last4=Agredano Torres |first4=M. |last5=Äkäslompolo |first5=S. |last6=Alcuson Belloso |first6=J. |last7=Aleynikov |first7=P. |last8=Aleynikova |first8=K. |last9=Alhashimi |first9=M. |last10=Ali |first10=A. |last11=Allen |first11=N. |last12=Alonso |first12=A. |last13=Anda |first13=G. |last14=Andreeva |first14=T. |last15=Angioni |first15=C. |last16=Arkhipov |first16=A. |last17=Arnold |first17=A. |last18=Asad |first18=W. |last19=Ascasibar |first19=E. |last20=Aumeunier |first20=M. -H |last21=Avramidis |first21=K. |last22=Aymerich |first22=E. |last23=Baek |first23=S. -G |last24=Bähner |first24=J. |last25=Baillod |first25=A. |last26=Balden |first26=M. |last27=Balden |first27=M. |last28=Baldzuhn |first28=J. |last29=Ballinger |first29=S. |last30=Banduch |first30=M. |bibcode=2022NucFu..62d2022S |s2cid=234338848 |display-authors=1 |doi-access=free |hdl=1721.1/147631 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> It soon produced helium and hydrogen plasmas lasting up to 30 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Max Planck Institute for Experimental Physics|date=February 3, 2016|title=Wendelstein 7-X fusion device produces its first hydrogen plasma|url=https://www.ipp.mpg.de/4010154/02_16|access-date=June 15, 2021|website=www.ipp.mpg.de|language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, [[Helion Energy]]'s fifth-generation plasma machine went into operation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wang|first=Brian|date=August 1, 2018|title=Nuclear Fusion Updated project reviews|url=https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2018/08/nuclear-fusion-updated-project-reviews.html|access-date=August 3, 2018|website=www.nextbigfuture.com|language=en-US}}</ref> The UK's Tokamak Energy's [[Tokamak Energy|ST40]] generated "first plasma".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencealert.com/the-uk-has-just-switch-on-its-tokamak-nuclear-fusion-reactor|title=The UK Just Switched on an Ambitious Fusion Reactor – And It Works|last=MacDonald|first=Fiona|website=ScienceAlert|date=May 2017 |language=en-gb|access-date=July 3, 2019}}</ref> The next year, [[Eni]] announced a $50&nbsp;million investment in [[Commonwealth Fusion Systems]], to attempt to commercialize MIT's [[ARC fusion reactor|ARC]] technology.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nuclearpower-fusion-eni/italys-eni-defies-skeptics-may-up-stake-in-nuclear-fusion-project-idUSKBN1HK1JJ |title=Italy's Eni defies sceptics, may up stake in nuclear fusion project |date=April 13, 2018|newspaper=Reuters }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.seeker.com/energy/mit-aims-to-harness-fusion-power-within-15-years |title=MIT Aims to Harness Fusion Power Within 15 years |date=April 3, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.wbur.org/bostonomix/2018/03/09/mit-nuclear-fusion |title=MIT Aims To Bring Nuclear Fusion To The Market In 10 Years |date=March 9, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Chandler |first=David |date=March 9, 2018 |title=MIT and newly formed company launch novel approach to fusion power |url=https://news.mit.edu/2018/mit-newly-formed-company-launch-novel-approach-fusion-power-0309 |website=MIT News |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}</ref>