Editing Conservatism (section)

=== Authoritarianism ===
The [[right-wing authoritarian personality]] (RWA) is a [[personality type]] that describes somebody who is highly submissive to their authority figures, acts aggressively in the name of said authorities, and is conformist in thought and behavior.<ref name="APA Dictionary">{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2021 |title=Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) |url=https://dictionary.apa.org/right-wing-authoritarianism |access-date=October 18, 2021 |website=dictionary.apa.org |publisher=American Psychological Association |location=[[Washington, D.C.]]}}</ref> According to psychologist [[Bob Altemeyer]], individuals who are politically conservative tend to rank high in RWA.<ref>{{cite book |last=Altemeyer |first=Bob |title=Right-Wing Authoritarianism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4preAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=University of Manitoba Press |isbn=978-0-88755-124-6}}</ref> This finding was echoed by philosopher [[Theodor W. Adorno]] in ''[[The Authoritarian Personality]]'' (1950) based on the [[F-scale (personality test)|F-scale]] personality test.

A study done on Israeli and Palestinian students in Israel found that RWA scores of right-wing party supporters were significantly higher than those of left-wing party supporters.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rubinstein |first1=G. |doi=10.1177/0022022196272005 |title=Two Peoples in One Land: A Validation Study of Altemeyer's Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale in the Palestinian and Jewish Societies in Israel |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology |year=1996 |volume=27 |pages=216–230 |issue=2}}</ref> However, a 2005 study by psychologist H. Michael Crowson and colleagues suggested a moderate gap between RWA and other conservative positions, stating that their "results indicated that conservatism is not synonymous with RWA".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crowson |first1=H. Michael |last2=Thoma |first2=Stephen J. |last3=Hestevold |first3=Nita |title=Is Political Conservatism Synonymous With Authoritarianism? |journal=The Journal of Social Psychology |date=August 7, 2010 |volume=145 |issue=5 |pages=571–592 |doi=10.3200/SOCP.145.5.571-592 |pmid=16201679}}</ref>

According to political scientist [[Karen Stenner]], who specializes in authoritarianism, conservatives will embrace diversity and civil liberties to the extent that they are institutionalized traditions in the social order, but they tend to be drawn to authoritarianism when public opinion is fractious and there is a loss of confidence in public institutions.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stenner |first=Karen |author-link=Karen Stenner |title=Three Kinds of 'Conservatism' |journal=Psychological Inquiry |year=2009 |pages=142–159 |doi=10.1080/10478400903028615 |url=http://ussc.edu.au/s/media/docs/publications/1006_Inequality_Stenner.pdf |access-date=June 2, 2012 |volume=20 |issue=2–3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512090055/http://ussc.edu.au/s/media/docs/publications/1006_Inequality_Stenner.pdf |archive-date=May 12, 2013}}</ref>