Editing Zooplankton (section)

===Protozoans===
{{further|marine protists#Protozoans}}

[[Protozoan]]s are [[protist]]s that feed on organic matter such as other [[microorganism]]s or organic tissues and debris.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sYgKY6zz20YC&q=panno+the+cell&pg=PA130 |title=The Cell: Evolution of the First Organism |last=Panno |first=Joseph |date=14 May 2014 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9780816067367 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zVqBgAAQBAJ&q=endocytosis&pg=PA9 |title=Environmental Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications: Microbial Ecology |last1=Bertrand |first1=Jean-Claude |last2=Caumette |first2=Pierre |last3=Lebaron |first3=Philippe |last4=Matheron |first4=Robert |last5=Normand |first5=Philippe |last6=Sime-Ngando |first6=Télesphore |date=2015-01-26 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789401791182 |language=en}}</ref> Historically, the protozoa were regarded as "one-celled animals", because they often possess [[animal]]-like behaviours, such as [[motility]] and [[predation]], and lack a [[cell wall]], as found in plants and many [[algae]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RawZTwEACAAJ&q=brock+biology+of+microorganisms+13th|title=Brock Biology of Microorganisms |last=Madigan |first=Michael T. |date=2012 |publisher=Benjamin Cummings |isbn=9780321649638}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8325/ |title=Protozoa: Structure, Classification, Growth, and Development |last=Yaeger |first=Robert G. |date=1996 |publisher=NCBI |pmid=21413323 |access-date=2018-03-23 |isbn=9780963117212 }}</ref> Although the traditional practice of grouping protozoa with animals is no longer considered valid, the term continues to be used in a loose way to identify single-celled organisms that can move independently and feed by [[heterotroph]]y.

Marine protozoans include [[zooflagellate]]s, [[foraminifera]]ns, [[radiolarian]]s and some [[dinoflagellate]]s.

====Radiolarians====
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  | footer            = &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Drawings by [[Ernst Haeckel|Haeckel]] 1904 (click for details)
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[[Radiolarian]]s are unicellular predatory [[#Marine protists|protists]] encased in elaborate globular shells usually made of silica and pierced with holes. Their name comes from the Latin for "radius". They catch prey by extending parts of their body through the holes. As with the silica frustules of diatoms, radiolarian shells can sink to the ocean floor when radiolarians die and become preserved as part of the [[ocean sediment]]. These remains, as [[#Marine microfossils|microfossils]], provide valuable information about past oceanic conditions.<ref name=Wassilieff2006b>Wassilieff, Maggy (2006) [http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/photograph/5138/radiolarian-fossils "Plankton – Animal plankton"], ''Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand''. Accessed: 2 November 2019.</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px" style="float:left;">
File:Mikrofoto.de-Radiolarien 6.jpg|Like diatoms, radiolarians come in many shapes
File:Podocyrtis papalis Ehrenberg - Radiolarian (30448963206).jpg|Also like diatoms, radiolarian shells are usually made of silicate
File:Acantharian radiolarian Xiphacantha (Haeckel).jpg|However [[acantharian]] radiolarians have shells made from [[strontium sulfate]] crystals
File:Spherical radiolarian 2.jpg|Cutaway schematic diagram of a spherical radiolarian shell
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| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rxwn6vT9JE Radiolarian geometry]
| video2 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tl_onFMjJWA Ernst Haeckel's radiolarian engravings]
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====Foraminiferans====
Like radiolarians, [[foraminifera]]ns (''forams'' for short) are single-celled predatory protists, also protected with shells that have holes in them. Their name comes from the Latin for "hole bearers". Their shells, often called [[Test (biology)|tests]], are chambered (forams add more chambers as they grow). The shells are usually made of calcite, but are sometimes made of [[Agglutination (biology)|agglutinated]] sediment particles or [[chiton]], and (rarely) silica. Most forams are benthic, but about 40 species are planktic.<ref name=Hemleben>{{cite book |first1=C. |last1=Hemleben |first2=O.R. |last2=Anderson |first3=M. |last3=Spindler |title=Modern Planktonic Foraminifera |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NaHOmAEACAAJ |year=1989 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-540-96815-3}}</ref> They are widely researched with well-established fossil records which allow scientists to infer a lot about past environments and climates.<ref name=Wassilieff2006b />

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 | footer            = Foraminiferans are important unicellular zooplankton [[#Marine protists|protists]], with calcium tests
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 | image1    = Foram-globigerina hg.jpg
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 | caption1  = ...can have more than one nucleus
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 | caption2  = ...and defensive spines
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File:EB1911 Foraminifera - Section of Rotalia beccarii.jpg|section showing chambers of a spiral foram
File:Live Ammonia tepida.jpg|Live ''[[Ammonia tepida]]'' streaming granular ectoplasm for catching food
File:Planktic Foraminifera of the northern Gulf of Mexico.jpg|Group of planktonic forams
File:All Gizah Pyramids.jpg|The [[Egyptian pyramid]]s were constructed from limestone that contained [[nummulite]]s.<ref>[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/foram.html#histofstudy Foraminifera: History of Study], [[University College London]]. Retrieved: 18 November 2019.</ref>
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| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLSa8cGJixQ foraminiferans]
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====Amoeba====
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  | footer            = &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [[Amoeba]] can be shelled ([[testate]]) or naked
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  | image1    = Cyphoderia ampulla - Testate amoeba - 160x (14997391862).jpg
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  | caption1  = [[Testate amoeba]], ''[[Cyphoderia]]'' sp.
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  | caption2  = {{center|Naked amoeba, ''[[Chaos carolinensis]]''}}
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File:Amoeba proteus 2.jpg|Naked amoeba sketch showing food vacuoles and ingested diatom
File:Arcella sp.jpg|Shell or test of a [[testate amoeba]], ''[[Arcella]]'' sp.
File:Collection Penard MHNG Specimen 533-2-1 Pamphagus granulatus.tif|[[wiktionary:xenogenic|Xenogenic]] testate amoeba covered in diatoms 
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====Ciliates====
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File:Stylonychia putrina - 160x - II (13215594964).jpg|''[[Stylonychia|Stylonychia putrina]]''
File:Holophyra ovum - 400x (9836710085).jpg|''Holophyra'' ovum
File:Mikrofoto.de-Blepharisma japonicum 15.jpg|''[[Blepharisma japonicum]]''
File:The ciliate Frontonia sp.jpg|This [[ciliate]] is digesting [[cyanobacteria]]. The mouth is at the bottom right.
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====Dinoflagellates====
{{see also|Predatory dinoflagellate}}

[[Dinoflagellate]]s are a phylum of unicellular [[flagellate]]s with about 2,000 marine species.<ref name="Gómez12">{{cite journal|author=Gómez F |title=A checklist and classification of living dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata, Alveolata) |journal=CICIMAR Oceánides |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=65–140 |year=2012 |doi=10.37543/oceanides.v27i1.111 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Some dinoflagellates are [[Predatory dinoflagellate|predatory]], and thus belong to the zooplankton community. Their name comes from the Greek "dinos" meaning ''whirling'' and the Latin "flagellum" meaning a ''whip'' or ''lash''. This refers to the two whip-like attachments (flagella) used for forward movement. Most dinoflagellates are protected with red-brown, cellulose armour. [[Excavata|Excavates]] may be the most basal flagellate lineage.<ref name=Dawson2013>{{cite journal |last1=Dawson |first1=Scott C |last2=Paredez |first2=Alexander R |title=Alternative cytoskeletal landscapes: cytoskeletal novelty and evolution in basal excavate protists |journal=Current Opinion in Cell Biology |year=2013 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=134–141 |doi=10.1016/j.ceb.2012.11.005 |pmid=23312067 |pmc=4927265}}</ref>

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 | footer            = Traditionally dinoflagellates have been presented as armoured or unarmoured
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 | image1    = Peridinium digitale.jpg
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 | caption1  = &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Armoured
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File:Gyrodinium dinoflagellate.jpg|''[[Gymnodinium|Gyrodinium]]'', one of the few naked dinoflagellates which lack armour
File:Protoperidinium dinoflagellate.jpg|The dinoflagellate ''Protoperidinium'' extrudes a large feeding veil to capture prey
File:Radiolarian - Podocyrtis (Lampterium) mitra Ehrenberg - 160x.jpg|[[Nassellarian]] radiolarians can be in symbiosis with dinoflagellates
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Dinoflagellates often live in [[symbiosis]] with other organisms. Many [[nassellarian]] radiolarians house [[dinoflagellate]] [[Symbiosis|symbionts]] within their tests.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook of the Protists |last1=Boltovskoy |first1=Demetrio |last2=Anderson |first2=O. Roger |last3=Correa |first3=Nancy M. |date=2017 |publisher=Springer, Cham |isbn=9783319281476 |pages=731–763 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_19}}</ref> The nassellarian provides [[ammonium]] and [[carbon dioxide]] for the dinoflagellate, while the dinoflagellate provides the nassellarian with a mucous membrane useful for hunting and protection against harmful invaders.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Radiolaria |last=Anderson |first=O. R. |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=1983}}</ref> There is evidence from [[DNA]] analysis that dinoflagellate symbiosis with radiolarians evolved independently from other dinoflagellate symbioses, such as with [[foraminifera]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gast |first1=R. J. |last2=Caron |first2=D. A. |date=1996-11-01 |title=Molecular phylogeny of symbiotic dinoflagellates from planktonic foraminifera and radiolaria |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |language=en |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=1192–1197 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025684 |pmid=8896371 |issn=0737-4038 |doi-access=}}</ref>

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File:Ceratium tripos.jpg|[[Tripos (dinoflagellate)|''Tripos muelleri'']] is recognisable by its U-shaped horns
File:Archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale (1920) (20299351186).jpg|''[[Oodinium]]'', a genus of [[parasitic]] dinoflagellates, causes [[velvet disease]] in fish<ref>{{cite web|title=Protozoa Infecting Gills and Skin|url=http://www.merckvetmanual.com:80/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/170410.htm|publisher=[[The Merck Veterinary Manual]]|access-date= 4 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221140/http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm%2Fbc%2F170410.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
File:Karenia brevis.jpg|''[[Karenia brevis]]'' produces red tides highly toxic to humans<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brand|first1=Larry E.|last2=Campbell|first2=Lisa|last3=Bresnan|first3=Eileen|title=''Karenia'': The biology and ecology of a toxic genus|journal=Harmful Algae|volume=14|pages=156–178|doi=10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.020|year=2012|pmid=36733478 |pmc=9891709 |bibcode=2012HAlga..14..156B }}</ref>
File:Algal bloom(akasio) by Noctiluca in Nagasaki.jpg|[[Red tide]]
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