Editing Zaragoza (section)

===Late Modern history===
[[File:Santa Engracia - Lejeune.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Assault of the French Army at Santa Engracia Monastery on 8 February 1809 during the [[Peninsular War]]. Oil on canvas, 1827.]]
Zaragoza suffered two famous sieges during the [[Peninsular War]] against the Napoleonic army: a [[First Siege of Zaragoza|first]] from June to August 1808; and a [[Second Siege of Zaragoza|second]] from December 1808 to February 1809, surrendering only after some 50,000 defenders had died.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historynet.com/napoleons-total-war.htm |title=Napoleon's Total War |publisher=Historynet.com |date=7 March 2007 |access-date=2017-03-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319023110/http://www.historynet.com/napoleons-total-war.htm |archive-date=19 March 2017 }}</ref>

Railway transport came to Zaragoza on 16 September 1861 with the inauguration of the [[Barcelona]]–Zaragoza line with the arrival of a train from the former city to the [[Estación del Norte (Zaragoza)|Estación del Norte]].<ref name=tren /> The  [[Madrid]]–Zaragoza line was opened a year and a half later, on 16 May 1863.<ref name=tren>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elperiodicodearagon.com/noticias/aragon/tren-cumple-150-anos-zaragoza_696612.html|website=[[El Periódico de Aragón]]|title=El tren cumple 150 años en Zaragoza|date=28 August 2011|first=A|last=Muñoz Padrós}}</ref>

The [[Spanish coup of July 1936|July 1936 coup d'état]] (with Gen. [[Miguel Cabanellas]], Col. {{ill|José Monasterio Ituarte|es|lt=Monasterio}}, {{ill|Gustavo Urrutia González|es|lt=Urrutia}}, {{ill|Álvaro Sueiro y Vilariño|es|lt=Sueiro}}, Major Cebollero and Gen.{{ill|Gregorio Benito Terraza|es|lt=Gregorio de Benito}} at the centre of the [[General Mola|Mola]]-led conspiration in Zaragoza) triumphed in the city.{{Sfn|Casanova|1989|p=299}} After the military uprising in Africa on 17 July, the military command easily attained its objectives in Zaragoza in the early morning of 19 July,{{Sfn|Casanova|1989|pp=299–300}} despite the city's status as stronghold of organised labour (mostly [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|CNT]] anarcho-syndicalists but also [[Unión General de Trabajadores|UGT]] trade unionists), as the civil governor critically refused to give weapons to the people in time.{{Sfn|Alcalde Fernández|2010|pp=40–41}} Many refugees, including members of the provincial committees of parties and unions, fled to [[Caspe]], the capital of the territory of Aragon, which was still controlled by the Republic.{{Sfn|Barcelo Gresa|2016|p=114}}
{{See also|Regional Defence Council of Aragon}}

[[File:Falange Members in Saragossa 1936 (Retouched).jpg|thumb|right|[[Falange Española de las JONS|Falange]] members in front of the Basilica of El Pilar (12 October 1936)]]

The rearguard violence committed by the putschists, with at least 12 murders on 19 July, would only go ''in crescendo'' along the beginning of the conflict.{{Sfn|Alcalde Fernández|2010|pp=41}} Thus one of the two big cities under Rebel control since the early stages of the [[Spanish Civil War]] along [[Seville]], Zaragoza profited from an increasing industrial production vis-à-vis the [[war economy]],{{Sfn|Martínez de Baños Carrillo|2010|p=13}} playing a key role for the [[Francoist faction]] as ammunition manufacturer.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/aragon/zaragoza/2010/07/18/la-primera-gran-fabrica-guerra-franco-95225-2261126.html |website=[[Heraldo de Aragón]] |title=La primera gran fábrica de guerra de Franco |first=Mariano |last=García |date=18 July 2010}}</ref>

The [[General Military Academy]], a higher training center of the [[Spanish Army]], was re-established on 27 September 1940 by [[José Enrique Varela]], the [[Francoist]] Minister of the Army.

The [[Pact of Madrid|1953 Accords]] ensued with the installment of a joint [[Zaragoza Air Base|US–Spain air base in Zaragoza]].{{Sfn|Biescas|1989|p=231}}

Following the declaration of Zaragoza as {{Lang|es|Polo de Desarrollo Industrial}} ("Pole for Industrial Development") by the regime in 1964, the city doubled in population in a short time.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://habitat.aq.upm.es/eacc/azaragoza.html |chapter=Procesos de urbanización de la huerta zaragozana. Incoherencias instrumentales |first=Ana |last=Zazo |publisher=[[Universidad Politécnica de Madrid]] |year=2010 |title=El espacio agrícola entre el campo y la ciudad |editor-first=Mariano |editor-last=Vázquez |editor-first2=Carlos |editor-last2=Verdaguer}}</ref> The increase in population ran parallel to the [[rural flight]] and depopulation in the rest of Aragon.{{Sfn|Biescas|1989|p=231}}

In 1979, a fire at the [[Hotel Corona de Aragón fire]] killed at least 80 people, including members of the family of Francisco Franco.<ref name="El País1979">{{cite news |title=El incendio del Corona de Aragón, fue provocado, según "El Alcázar" |url=http://elpais.com/diario/1979/11/20/espana/311900416_850215.html |access-date=25 July 2016 |work=El País |publisher=PRISA |date=20 November 1979 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315133530/http://elpais.com/diario/1979/11/20/espana/311900416_850215.html |archive-date=15 March 2016 |language=es |quote=.}}</ref> The armed [[Basque conflict|Basque]] nationalist and separatist organization [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]] carried out the [[Zaragoza barracks bombing]] in 1987 which killed eleven people, including a number of children, leading to 250,000 people taking part in demonstrations in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/12/world/11-killed-by-bomb-in-northern-spain.html |title=11 Killed by Bomb in Northern Spain |agency=Reuters |date=1987-12-12 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2018-02-01 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201193254/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/12/world/11-killed-by-bomb-in-northern-spain.html |archive-date=2018-02-01}}</ref>

Since 1982, the city has been home to a large factory built by [[General Motors]] for the production of [[Opel]] cars, some of which are exported to the United Kingdom and sold under the [[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] brand. The city took advantage of the entry of Spain into the European Communities (later European Union).{{sfn|Fernández Maldonado|Romein|2012|p=58}}