Editing York (section)

===Modern history===
[[File:National Railway Museum - Virgin 91101 (rear).JPG|thumb|The Great Hall at the [[National Railway Museum]]|200x200px]]

The railway promoter [[George Hudson]] was responsible for bringing the railway to York in 1839. Although Hudson's career as a railway entrepreneur ended in disgrace and bankruptcy, his promotion of York over Leeds, and of his own railway company (the [[York and North Midland Railway]]), helped establish York as a major railway centre by the late-19th century.<ref>Sources:
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Da8AAAAIAAJ|title=A History of modern Leeds|editor-first=Derek|editor-last=Fraser|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1980|isbn=0-7190-0747-X|chapter=V. Leeds becomes a transport centre|first=R. W.|last=Unwin|at=pp. 132–133|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Da8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA132|access-date=8 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203050447/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Da8AAAAIAAJ|archive-date=3 February 2016|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmaYSbOrTH0C|title=Stability And Change in an English County Town: A Social Study of York 1801–51|first=Alan|last=Armstrong|publisher=Cambridge University Press|orig-year=1974|year=2005|pages=37–43|isbn=9780521019873|access-date=8 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203050447/https://books.google.com/books?id=MmaYSbOrTH0C|archive-date=3 February 2016|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/features/features/4473355.York_s_part_in_the_history_of_the_East_Coast_Main_Line/ |title=East Coast Main Line: York's part in the history of the railways |first=Stephen |last=Lewis |work=York Press |date=3 July 2009 |access-date=20 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418011441/http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/features/features/4473355.York_s_part_in_the_history_of_the_East_Coast_Main_Line/ |archive-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RAhudson.htm |title=George Hudson |publisher=Spartacus Educational |work=SchoolNet |access-date=12 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401155437/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RAhudson.htm |archive-date=1 April 2009}}</ref>

The introduction of the railways established engineering in the city.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bv2BrOMo8cIC|title=Civil engineering heritage: Northern England|first=Robert William|last=Rennison|publisher=Thomas Telford|year=1996|at=5. York and North Yorkshire, pp.133.134|isbn=9780727725189|access-date=8 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203050447/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bv2BrOMo8cIC|archive-date=3 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ind1">{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/industrialisation|title=Industrialisation|work=www.historyofyork.org.uk|access-date=30 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025125941/http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/industrialisation|archive-date=25 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the turn of the 20th century, the railway accommodated the headquarters and works of the [[North Eastern Railway (UK)|North Eastern Railway]], which employed more than 5,500 people. The railway was instrumental in the expansion of [[Rowntree's|Rowntree's Cocoa Works]]. It was founded in 1862 by Henry Isaac Rowntree, who was joined in 1869 by his brother the philanthropist [[Joseph Rowntree (Philanthropist)|Joseph Rowntree]].<ref name="history">{{cite web |url=http://www.nestle.co.uk/OurBrands/AboutOurBrands/ConfectioneryAndCakes/History+of+Rowntree.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080104184252/http://www.nestle.co.uk/OurBrands/AboutOurBrands/ConfectioneryAndCakes/History%2Bof%2BRowntree.htm |archive-date=4 January 2008 |publisher=Nestlé UK Ltd |title=History of Nestlé Rowntree |year=2008 |access-date=19 July 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Another chocolate manufacturer, [[Terry's|Terry's of York]], was a major employer.<ref name="iadbpm"/><ref name="coyrapd"/> By 1900, the railways and confectionery had become the city's two major industries.<ref name="ind1"/>

[[File:Lower Petergate in York, England.jpg|thumb|Low Petergate with the minster in the background|296x296px]]

York was a centre of [[early photography]], as described by Hugh Murray in his 1986 book ''Photographs and Photographers of York: The Early Years, 1844–79''. Photographers who had studios in York included [[William Hayes (photographer)|William Hayes]], [[William Pumphrey]], and [[Augustus Mahalski]] who operated on [[Davygate]] and [[Petergate|Low Petergate]] in the 19th century, having come to England as a refugee after serving as a [[Uhlan|Polish lancer]] in the Austro-Hungarian war.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cyc.sdp.sirsidynix.net.uk/client/en_GB/search/asset/1018049|title=KNO/3/8: Transcript of 'Yorkshire Artists' by J W Knowles|last=Murray|first=Jill|pages=112x, 113|work=explore York libraries and archives|access-date=19 September 2016|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225123426/https://cyc.sdp.sirsidynix.net.uk/client/en_GB/search/asset/1018049|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb192-mah|title=Records of Augustus Mahalski, Photographer|work=Archives Hub|access-date=19 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919151649/http://archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb192-mah|archive-date=19 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1942 the city was bombed during the [[Second World War]] (part of the [[Baedeker Blitz]]) by the ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' of [[Nazi Germany]]. 92 people were killed and hundreds were injured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/search/display.var.1333684.0.luftwaffe_pilot_says_sorry_for_bombing_york.php|title=Luftwaffe pilot says sorry for bombing York|date=17 April 2007|work=The Press|publisher=Newsquest Media Group|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-date=12 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005239/https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/1333684.luftwaffe-pilot-says-sorry-for-bombing-york/|url-status=live}}</ref> Buildings damaged in the raid included the [[York railway station|Railway Station]], [[Rowntree's]] Factory, Poppleton Road Primary School, St Martin-le-Grand Church, the [[Bar Convent]] and the [[Guildhall, York|Guildhall]] which was left in total disrepair until 1960.

[[File:Bench King's Square York.jpg|thumb|Bench with [[Kit Kat]] advertising in York (where the bar was created by the confectionery company [[Rowntree's]]) to mark National Chocolate Week in 2018|200x200px]]

With the emergence of tourism, the historic core of York became one of the city's major assets, and in 1968 it was designated a [[conservation area]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.york.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/3509/conservation_area_-_01_-york_central_histoic_corepdf.pdf|title=York Central Historic Core: Conservation Area Appraisal|publisher=City of York Council|access-date=17 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118163437/https://www.york.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/3509/conservation_area_-_01_-york_central_histoic_corepdf.pdf|archive-date=18 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The existing tourist attractions were supplemented by the establishment of the [[National Railway Museum]] in York in 1975,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrm.org.uk/AboutUs/history.aspx |title=History of the NRM |publisher=National Railway Museum |access-date=15 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207051101/http://www.nrm.org.uk/AboutUs/history.aspx |archive-date=7 December 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Jorvik Viking Centre]] in 1984<ref>{{cite book|title=Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice|first1=Colin |last1=Renfrew|first2=Paul G. |last2=Bahn|edition=5|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=2008|isbn=9780500287194|page=542}}</ref> and the [[York Dungeon]] in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14842323.York_Dungeon_celebrates_30th_anniversary/|title=York Dungeon celebrates 30th anniversary|publisher=York Press|date=4 November 2016|access-date=19 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119235530/http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14842323.York_Dungeon_celebrates_30th_anniversary/|archive-date=19 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The opening of the [[University of York]] in 1963 added to the prosperity of the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.york.ac.uk/admin/presspr/pressreleases/alumnidinner.htm |title=Founding students return to York 40 years on |publisher=University of York |date=7 October 2003 |access-date=15 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051109065509/http://www.york.ac.uk/admin/presspr/pressreleases/alumnidinner.htm |archive-date=9 November 2005}}</ref> In March 2012 [[York's Chocolate Story]] opened.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/9614506.Inside_York_s_new_chocolate_museum/|title=Inside York's new chocolate museum|publisher=York Press|date=27 March 2012|access-date=19 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119235119/http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/9614506.Inside_York_s_new_chocolate_museum/|archive-date=19 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

York was voted European Tourism City of the Year by European Cities Marketing in June 2007, beating 130 other European cities to gain first place, surpassing [[Gothenburg]] in Sweden (second) and [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]] in Spain (third).<ref name="yorkaward">{{cite news |title=York voted top city for tourists |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/6751753.stm |date=14 June 2007 |access-date=28 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107035149/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/6751753.stm |archive-date=7 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> York was also voted safest place to visit in the 2010 ''[[Condé Nast Traveller]]'' Readers' Choice Awards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Conde Nast Traveller|url=http://www.cntraveller.com/magazine/readers-travel-awards-2010/destinations-uk-cities|publisher=Conde Nast Traveller|access-date=22 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017090312/http://www.cntraveller.com/magazine/readers-travel-awards-2010/destinations-uk-cities|archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref> In 2018 ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' deemed York to be its overall 'Best Place to Live' in Britain, highlighting the city's "perfect mix of heritage and hi-tech" and as a "mini-metropolis with cool cafes, destination restaurants, innovative companies – plus the fastest internet in Britain".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/best-places-to-live/article/york-best-places-to-live-8grhj85sn|title=York — the best place to live in the UK 2018|date=18 March 2018|access-date=27 June 2018|work=The Sunday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230634/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/york-best-places-to-live-8grhj85sn|archive-date=27 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/revealed-york-tops-prestigious-list-of-best-places-to-live-in-uk-for-2018-a3792751.html|title=This is the best place to live in the UK, according to a prestigious list|work=The Standard|access-date=5 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706004408/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/revealed-york-tops-prestigious-list-of-best-places-to-live-in-uk-for-2018-a3792751.html|archive-date=6 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The result was confirmed in a [[YouGov]] survey, reported in August 2018, with 92 per cent of respondents saying that they liked the city, more than any of 56 other British cities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yougov.co.uk/news/2018/08/20/york-britains-most-liked-city/|title=YouGov – York is Britain's most popular city|website=YouGov: What the world thinks|access-date=27 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827142307/https://yougov.co.uk/news/2018/08/20/york-britains-most-liked-city/|archive-date=27 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>