Editing Xiongnu (section)

=== Xiongnu hierarchy ===
{{See also|Chanyu}}
[[File:Reconstruction of a Xiongnu chief warrior, 2nd century BCE-1st century CE.jpg|thumb|upright|Xiongnu chief, 2nd century BC – 1st century AD. Reconstruction by archaeologist [[A.N. Podushkin]], in the [[Central State Museum of Kazakhstan]].<ref>[[:File:Xiongnu museum label.jpg|Museum notice]]</ref><ref>{{cite conference |last1=Kradin |first1=Nikolay N. |chapter=Some Aspects of Xiongnu History in Archaeological Perspective |series=Competing Narratives between Nomadic People and their Sedentary Neighbours |book-title=Competing Narratives between Nomadic People and their Sedentary Neighbours |conference=7th International Conference on the Medieval History of the Eurasian Steppe |date=23 January 2020 |volume=53 |pages=149–165 |doi=10.14232/sua.2019.53.149-165 |isbn=978-963-306-708-6 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350175936 |quote=Nonetheless, among archaeologists, there are many supporters of the Xiongnu migration to the West. In recent years, S. Botalov (2009) constructed a broad picture of the migration of the Xiongnu to the Urals, and then Europe. In Kazakhstan, A. N. Podushkin discovered the Arysskaya culture with a distinct stage of Xiongnu influence (2009). Russian archaeologists are actively studying the Hun sites in the Caucasus (Gmyrya 1993; 1995) }} Citing:
* Botalov, S. G. (2009). {{lang|ru|Гунны и турки}} {{transliteration|ru|Gunny i tiurki}} [Huns and Turks]. {{in lang|ru}} Chelyabinsk: Рифей
* Gmyrya, L. B. (1993). {{transliteration|ru|Prikaspiiskiy Dagestan v epokhu velikogo pereseleniia narodov. Mogilniki}} [Caspian Dagestan in the Period of the Great Migration of the Peoples. Burial Places]. {{in lang|ru}} Mahachkala: Dagestan Scientific Center, RAS Press.
* [[Aleksandr Podushkin|Podushkin, A. N.]] (2009). "Xiongnu v Yuznom Kazakhstane". ["Xiongnu in Southern Kazakhstan"]. In: Z. Samashev (ed.) {{transliteration|ru|Nomady kazakhstanskikh stepey: etnosociokulturnye protsessy i kontakty v Evrazii skifo sakskoy epokhi}} [Nomads of the Kazakh Steppes: Ethno-socio-cultural Processes and Contacts in Eurasia of the Scythian-Saka Era]. {{in lang|ru}}. Astana: Ministry of Culture and Information of the Kazakhstan Republic pp. 47‒154</ref>]]
The ruler of the Xiongnu was called the [[Chanyu|''chanyu'']].<ref name=bar81-48>{{cite journal |last=Barfield |first=Thomas J. |title=The Hsiung-nu imperial confederacy: Organization and foreign policy |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |year=1981 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=45–61 |jstor=2055601 |doi=10.2307/2055601 |s2cid=145078285|doi-access=free }}</ref> Under him were the [[Tuqi King|tuqi king]]s.<ref name=bar81-48/> The Tuqi King of the Left was normally the heir presumptive.<ref name=bar81-48/> Below him in the hierarchy were more officials in pairs of left and right: the ''guli'', the army commanders, the great governors, the ''danghu'' and the ''gudu''. Beneath them were the commanders of detachments of one thousand, of one hundred, and of ten men. This nation of nomads, was organized like an army.{{sfn|Grousset|1970|p={{page needed|date=April 2022}}}}

After Modu, later leaders formed a dualistic system of political organisation with the left and right branches of the Xiongnu divided on a regional basis. The ''chanyu'' or ''shanyu'', a ruler equivalent to the [[Emperor of China]], exercised direct authority over the central territory. Longcheng (around the [[Khangai Mountains]], [[Otuken]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dijitalhoca.com.tr/makale/asya-hun-devleti-buyuk-hun-imparatorlugu-m-o-220-m-s-216-288 | title=ASYA HUN DEVLETİ (BÜYÜK HUN İMPARATORLUĞU) (M.Ö. 220 – M.S.216 ) — Dijital Hoca }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.trtavaz.com.tr/haber/tur/avrasyadan/turklerin-tarihi-baskenti-otuken/617b88b501a30a10a4e18f84# | title=Türklerin tarihî başkenti: Ötüken - Avrasya'dan - Haber }}</ref> ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 龍城; [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]: Luut; lit. "Dragon City") became the annual meeting place and served as the Xiongnu capital.<ref name=yuuu86-384>{{cite book |last=Yü |first=Ying-shih |chapter=Han Foreign Relations |title=The Cambridge History of China, Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC – AD 220 |year=1986 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-24327-8 |page=384}}</ref> The ruins of Longcheng were found south of [[Ölziit, Arkhangai|Ulziit]] District, [[Arkhangai Province]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://akipress.com/news:645769:Archeologists_discover_capital_of_Xiongnu_Empire_in_central_Mongolia |title=Archeologists discover capital of Xiongnu Empire in central Mongolia}}</ref>

North of [[Shanxi]] with the Tuqi King of the Left was holding the area north of Beijing and the Tuqi King of the Right was holding the [[Ordos Loop]] area as far as [[Gansu]].{{sfn|Yap|2009|p=liii}}