Editing Xi'an (section)

===Modern era===
[[File:西安 古城东门 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|East Gate of Xi'an]]
[[File:51514-Xian-Pano (27759087230).jpg|thumb|A panorama of modern Xi'an.]]
The Qing dynasty established a walled off Manchu banner quarter in northeast Xi'an, on the site of the former palace of the Ming Prince of Qin. A Han banner quarter was established in the southeast of the city.

Manchu bannermen from the Xi'an banner garrison were praised for maintaining Manchu culture by Kangxi in 1703.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&dq=The+customs+at+Xi%27an+are+very+good%2C&pg=PA280 |page=280 |title=The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China |isbn=9780804746847 |last1=Elliott |first1=Mark C. |year=2001 |publisher=Stanford University Press |access-date=April 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412041500/https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&dq=The+customs+at+Xi%27an+are+very+good%2C&pg=PA280 |url-status=live }}</ref> Xi'an garrison Manchus were said to retain Manchu culture far better than all other Manchus at martial skills in the provincial garrisons and they were able to draw their bows properly and perform cavalry archery, unlike Beijing Manchus. The Qianlong emperor received a memorial staying Xi'an Manchu bannermen still had martial skills, although not up to those, in the past in a 1737 memorial from Cimbu.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&dq=Although+the+customs+are+not+the+same+as+in+bygone+days%2C+there+is+still+attention+to+skill+and+diligence&pg=PA281 |page=281 |title=The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China |isbn=9780804746847 |last1=Elliott |first1=Mark C. |year=2001 |publisher=Stanford University Press |access-date=April 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412041501/https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&dq=Although+the+customs+are+not+the+same+as+in+bygone+days,+there+is+still+attention+to+skill+and+diligence&pg=PA281 |url-status=live }}</ref> By the 1780s, the military skills of Xi'an Manchu bannermen dropped enormously, and they had been regarded as the most militarily skilled provincial Manchu banner garrison.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&dq=the+last+bastion+of+Manchu+military+virtue&pg=PA282 |title=The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China |isbn=9780804746847 |last1=Elliott |first1=Mark C. |year=2001 |publisher=Stanford University Press |access-date=April 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429161556/https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&dq=the+last+bastion+of+Manchu+military+virtue&pg=PA282 |url-status=live }}</ref> Manchu women from the Xi'an garrison often left the walled Manchu garrison and went to [[Huaqing Pool|hot springs]] outside the city, and gained bad reputations for their sexual lives. A Manchu from Beijing, Sumurji, was shocked and disgusted by this after being appointed Lieutenant general of the Manchu garrison of Xi'an and informed the Yongzheng emperor what they were doing.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&dq=Xi%27an%27s+%5B+banner%5D+women+who+go+to+the+hot+springs+are+very+numerous%2C+which+greatly+concerns+their+lives%2C+since+many+of+them+now+have+bad+reputations.+It+would+be+best+to+outlaw+this%2C+too.&pg=PA289 |page=289 |title=The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China |isbn=9780804746847 |last1=Elliott |first1=Mark C. |year=2001 |publisher=Stanford University Press |access-date=April 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412041505/https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&dq=Xi%27an%27s+%5B+banner%5D+women+who+go+to+the+hot+springs+are+very+numerous%2C+which+greatly+concerns+their+lives%2C+since+many+of+them+now+have+bad+reputations.+It+would+be+best+to+outlaw+this%2C+too.&pg=PA289 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>YZMaZPZZ (Yongzheng chao Manwen zhupi zouzhe) 1 22 1, Sumurji, YZ7.R7.24.</ref> Han civilians and Manchu bannermen in Xi'an had bad relations, with the bannermen trying to steal at the markets. Manchu Lieutenant general Cimbru reported this to Yongzheng emperor in 1729, after he was assigned there. Governor Yue Rui of Shandong was then ordered by the Yongzheng to report any bannerman misbehaving and warned him not to cover it up in 1730, after Manchu bannermen were put in a quarter in Qingzhou.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&dq=Lieutenant+General+Cimbu+found+that+relations+between+bannermen+and+civilians+were+not+at+all+good.&pg=PA224 |page=224 |title=The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China |isbn=9780804746847 |last1=Elliott |first1=Mark C. |year=2001 |publisher=Stanford University Press |access-date=April 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412041506/https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&dq=Lieutenant+General+Cimbu+found+that+relations+between+bannermen+and+civilians+were+not+at+all+good.&pg=PA224 |url-status=live }}</ref> Manchu bannermen from the garrisons in Xi'an and Jingzhou fought in Xinjiang in the 1770s and Manchus from Xi'an garrison fought in other campaigns against the Dzungars and Uyghurs throughout the 1690s and 18th century. In the 1720s Jingzhou, Hangzhou, and Nanjing Manchu banner garrisons fought in Tibet.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&dq=hundred+of+the+seven+thousand+mounted+banner+corps+under+his+com%C2%AD+mand+were+away+on&pg=PA177 |page=177 |title=The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China |isbn=9780804746847 |last1=Elliott |first1=Mark C. |year=2001 |publisher=Stanford University Press |access-date=April 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429161625/https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&dq=hundred+of+the+seven+thousand+mounted+banner+corps+under+his+com%C2%AD+mand+were+away+on&pg=PA177 |url-status=live }}</ref>

For the over 200 years they lived next to each other, Han civilians and Manchu bannermen of both genders in Xi'an did not intermarry with each other at all. The Qing dynasty altered its law on intermarriage between Han civilians and Manchu bannermen several times in the dynasty. At the beginning of the Qing dynasty, the Qing allowed Han civilians to marry Manchu women. Then the Qing banned civilians from marrying women from the Eight banners later. In 1865, the Qing allowed Han civilian men to marry Manchu bannerwomen in all garrisons, except the capital garrison of Beijing. There was no formal law on marriage between people in the different banners, like the Manchu and Han banners, but it was informally regulated by social status and custom. In northeastern China, such as Heilongjiang and Liaoning, it was more common for Manchu women to marry Han men, since they were not subjected to the same laws and institutional oversight as Manchus and Han in Beijing and elsewhere.<ref>https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol38/34/38-34.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405203748/https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol38/34/38-34.pdf |date=April 5, 2023 }} Demographic Research Volume 38, Article 34, Pages 929-966 Published 9 March 2018 http://www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol38/34/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416052619/https://www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol38/34/ |date=April 16, 2023 }} DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.34 Research Article Interethnic marriage in Northeast China, 1866–1913 Bijia Chen Cameron Campbell Hao Dong p 937</ref>

In October 1911, during the [[Xinhai revolution]], revolutionaries stormed the Manchu fort in Xi'an. Most of the city's 20,000 Manchus were killed.<ref name="Ernest Frank Borst-Smith 1912">Ernest Frank Borst-Smith, ''Caught in the Chinese Revolution: a record of risks and rescue''. London: [[T. Fisher Unwin]], 1912.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Crossley |first1=Pamela Kyle |title=Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World |date=1991 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0691008779 |page=197 |edition=illustrated, reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NUTE8V-WhwoC&pg=PA197 |access-date=May 10, 2019 |archive-date=August 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813014007/https://books.google.com/books?id=NUTE8V-WhwoC&pg=PA197 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hui (Muslims; then referred to as "Mohammedans") were divided in its support for the revolution. Those of Shaanxi supported the revolutionaries, while those of Gansu supported the Qing. The Hui of Xi'an (Shaanxi province) joined the Han Chinese revolutionaries in slaughtering the Manchus.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Backhouse |first1=Sir Edmund |last2=Otway |first2=John |last3=Bland |first3=Percy |title=Annals & Memoirs of the Court of Peking: (from the 16th to the 20th Century) |date=1914 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |page=[https://archive.org/details/annalsmemoirsoft002081mbp/page/n241 209] |edition=reprint |url=https://archive.org/details/annalsmemoirsoft002081mbp}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Atlantic, Volume 112 |date=1913 |publisher=Atlantic Monthly Company |page=779 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj4wAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA779 |access-date=May 10, 2019 |archive-date=August 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813014054/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj4wAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA779 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 112 |date=1913 |publisher=Atlantic Monthly Company |page=779 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGACAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA779}}</ref> Some wealthy Manchus survived by being [[ransom]]ed. Wealthy Han Chinese enslaved Manchu girls<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rhoads |first1=Edward J. M. |title=Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928 |date=2000 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=0295980400 |page=192 |edition=illustrated, reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QiM2pF5PDR8C&pg=PA192}}</ref> and poor Han Chinese troops seized young Manchu women as wives.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rhoads |first1=Edward J. M. |title=Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928 |date=2000 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=0295980400 |page=193 |edition=illustrated, reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QiM2pF5PDR8C&pg=PA193}}</ref> Hui Muslims also seized young pretty Manchu girls and raised them as Muslims.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=Charles Patrick |last2=Kotker |first2=Norman |editor1-last=Kotker |editor1-first=Norman |title=The Horizon history of China |date=1969 |publisher=American Heritage Pub. Co. |page=365 |isbn=9780828100052 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vPRxAAAAMAAJ&q=manchu+girls}}</ref>

A British missionary who witnessed the massacre commented that "Old and young, men and women, children alike, were all butchered... Houses were plundered and then burnt; those who would fain have laid hidden till the storm was past, were forced to come out into the open. The revolutionaries, protected by a parapet of the wall, poured a heavy, unceasing, relentless fire into the doomed Tartar (Manchu) city, those who tried to escape thence into the Chinese city were cut down as they emerged from the gates."<ref name="Ernest Frank Borst-Smith 1912"/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXQkDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Old+and+young,+men+and+women,+little+children,+were+alike+butchered.%22&pg=PA191 |title=Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928 |author=Edward J. M. Rhoads |page=191 |publisher=University of Washington |year=2000 |isbn=9780295980409 |access-date=June 21, 2023 |archive-date=June 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621222349/https://books.google.com/books?id=OXQkDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Old+and+young,+men+and+women,+little+children,+were+alike+butchered.%22&pg=PA191 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1936, the [[Xi'an Incident|Xi'an (then "Sian") Incident]] took place in the city during the [[Chinese Civil War]]. The incident helped to bring the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) and [[Chinese Communist Party]] to form the [[Second United Front]] in order to concentrate on fighting against the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]].<ref>Guo Rugui, {{lang|zh-hans|《中国抗日战争正面战场作战记》 ,第二部分：从"九一八"事变到西安事变 绥远抗战的巨大影响和军事上的经验}}</ref>

On March 11, 1938, an aerial battle broke out for the first time over Xi'an as [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Service|Imperial Japanese Army Air Force]] aircraft attacked the city, and was engaged by [[Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)|Chinese Air Force]] [[Polikarpov I-15|I-15]] fighter planes, led by Lt. [[Cen Zeliu]] of the 5th Pursuit Group, 17th Squadron.<ref>{{cite web |last=蔡 |first=乔治 |title=第五大队副队长 岑泽鎏 |url=http://flyingtiger-cacw.com/gb_902.htm |access-date=2021-04-08 |website=flyingtiger-cacw.com |quote=1938年3月8日，在山西风陵渡炸敌。11日，参加西安空战。4月26日，在湖北孝感与僚机合力击落敌机一架。29日，在武汉击伤敌机一架。5月11日，在安徽蒙城炸毁敌军阵地。20日，在河南仪封炸敌阵地，座机中弹百余发，仍勉力飞回。 |archive-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209070913/http://flyingtiger-cacw.com/gb_902.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> While repeatedly attacked by air, Shaanxi was heavily fortified by units of the [[Eighth Route Army]]; Xi'an was never taken by the Japanese forces.<ref>{{cite web |last=Yang |first=HX |date=2016-10-13 |title=Why did not the Japanese army occupied Shaanxi? |url=http://www.bestchinanews.com/History/6613.html|access-date=2021-04-08 |website=www.bestchinanews.com |quote=While Xian became one of the main targets of the Japanese bombing campaign of the 8 years of war, with Japanese aircraft bombing of Shaanxi 560 times, injuring and killing thousands of people, the Japanese basically have not been able to take Xian, nor occupy any land in Shaanxi.|archive-date=May 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513154722/http://www.bestchinanews.com/History/6613.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On May 20, 1949, the Communist-controlled [[People's Liberation Army]] captured the city of Xi'an from the [[Kuomintang]] force.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xa.gov.cn/zwgk/content/content_zwzy1402525_1.htm|script-title=zh:西安市历史沿革 |publisher=City of Xi'an |language=zh-hans|access-date=2011-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707042857/http://www.xa.gov.cn/zwgk/content/content_zwzy1402525_1.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-07-07}}</ref>

During the Mao era, Xi'an was further developed as part of the [[Third Front (China)|Third Front Construction]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last1=Marquis |first1=Christopher |url= |title=Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise |last2=Qiao |first2=Kunyuan |date=2022 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-26883-6 |location=New Haven |doi=10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k |jstor=j.ctv3006z6k |oclc=1348572572 |author-link=Christopher Marquis |s2cid=253067190}}</ref>{{Rp|page=186}}

Xi'an made headlines for being one of the many cities where the [[2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations]] occurred.<ref name=sinapatriot>{{cite news |script-title=zh:打砸抢烧不是爱国是害民 |work=[[Beijing Youth Daily]] |date=2012-09-16 |access-date=2012-09-16 |url=http://news.sina.com.cn/pl/2012-09-16/000025182748.shtml |language=zh-hans  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422190004/http://news.sina.com.cn/pl/2012-09-16/000025182748.shtml |archive-date=April 22, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sg.news.yahoo.com/photos/demonstrators-hold-chinese-flags-banners-beside-overturned-car-photo-094258536.html |title=Xi'an Protesters Overturn Cars|access-date=2012-09-17}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/15/anti-japan-protests_n_1886427.html |title=Anti-Japan Protests In China Swell, Turn Violent |date=2012-09-15|access-date=2012-09-17 |work=Huffington Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050324/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/15/anti-japan-protests_n_1886427.html|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2022, Xi'an witnessed the largest [[COVID-19]] community outbreak since the initial months of the pandemic hit China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taipei |first=Rhoda Kwan in |date=2021-12-27 |title=Covid cases rise in Xi'an as China battles biggest community outbreak since 2020 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/27/covid-cases-rise-in-xian-as-china-battles-biggest-community-outbreak-since-2020 |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105090152/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/27/covid-cases-rise-in-xian-as-china-battles-biggest-community-outbreak-since-2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> From December 23, 2021, the city was put into strict lockdown after local authorities reported more than 250 cases,<ref>{{cite web |title=13 million people under lockdown in Xi'an, China |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20211224_16 |work=NHK |access-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-date=December 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225160055/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20211224_16/ |url-status=live }}</ref> traced to the [[Delta variant]] by authorities.<ref name= "cnbc_20211222">{{Cite news |title=Major Chinese city locks down to control Covid outbreak |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/23/major-chinese-city-locks-down-to-control-covid-outbreak.html |first=Evelyn |last=Cheng |work=CNBC |date=22 December 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-date=January 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104022529/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/23/major-chinese-city-locks-down-to-control-covid-outbreak.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This led to stressed healthcare and delayed or insufficient food deliveries to some part of the city.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tales of anguish emerge from China's locked-down Xian, as hospitals demand patients be covid-free |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/01/05/china-covid-xian-lockdown-miscarriage/ |access-date=2022-01-06 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105114103/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/01/05/china-covid-xian-lockdown-miscarriage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Restrictions of Xi'an were lifted on January 24.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-26 |title=China is determined to make the Winter Olympics go smoothly |url=https://www.economist.com/china/china-is-determined-to-make-the-winter-olympics-go-smoothly/21807403 |access-date=2022-02-02 |website=[[Economist]] |publication-date=2022-01-29 |archive-date=February 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202150018/https://www.economist.com/china/china-is-determined-to-make-the-winter-olympics-go-smoothly/21807403 |url-status=live }}</ref>