Editing World war (section)

==Other global conflicts==
[[File:Wojciech Kossak The Battle of Zorndorf (1758) 1899.jpg|thumb|An artist's depiction of the [[Prussian Army]] clashing with the [[Imperial Russian Army]] at the [[Battle of Zorndorf]], part of the Seven Years' War, which some historians consider to be an early world war]]

The [[Seven Years' War]] (1754/56–1763) was fought across all of North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America. Most of the great powers of the era participated, notably including the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British Empire]] and [[Kingdom of France|French Empire]], but polities from many continents played important roles. Some historians call it "World War 0" as a result.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2014/07/01/why-the-first-world-war-wasnt-really|title=Why the first world war wasn't really|newspaper=The Economist|date=2014-07-01|access-date=2018-05-29|archive-date=2018-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530034837/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2014/07/01/why-the-first-world-war-wasnt-really|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Devetak |first1=Richard |last2=Tannock |first2=Emily |date=January 2017 |title=The Globalization of International Society: Imperial Rivalry and the First Global War |chapter=Imperial Rivalry and the First Global War |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/6787/chapter-abstract/150921217?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=academic.oup.com|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198793427.003.0007 |isbn=978-0-19-879342-7 }}</ref>

Historians like Richard F. Hamilton and [[Holger H. Herwig]] created a list of eight world wars, including the two generally agreed-upon world wars, the Seven Years' War, and five others: the [[Nine Years' War]] (1689–1697), the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1701–1714), the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1740–1748), the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] (1792–1802), and the [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815).<ref name="HamiltonHerwig2003" /> British historian John Robert Seeley dubbed all of those wars between France and Great Britain (later the UK) between 1689 and 1815 (including the [[American Revolutionary War]] from 1775 to 1783) as the [[Second Hundred Years' War]], echoing an earlier period of conflict between France and England known as the [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337–1453).<ref name="AllisonFerreiro2018">{{cite book | editor1 = David K. Allison | editor2 = Larrie D. Ferreiro | date = 6 November 2018 | title = The American Revolution: A World War | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | pages = 16 | isbn = 978-1-58834-659-9 | oclc = 1061862132 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IlpnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 | access-date = 21 January 2022 | archive-date = 21 January 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121061952/https://books.google.com/books?id=IlpnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 | url-status = live }}</ref> Some writers have referred to the American Revolutionary War alone as a world war.<ref name="AllisonFerreiro2018"/> Others (like William R. Thompson or Chase-Dunn and Sokolovsky) also include the [[Italian Wars]] and ''Dutch wars'' [<nowiki/>[[Eighty Years' War|Dutch-Spanish]] and [[Anglo-Dutch Wars]]] as part of Global Wars, while clasificating WW1 and WW2 as the Global ''German Wars'', and the [[Coalition Wars]] with [[French–Habsburg rivalry#Nine Years' War|Wars of Louis XIV]] as the 2nd and 1st Global ''French Wars''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=William R. |date=1983 |title=World Wars, Global Wars, and the Cool Hand Luke Syndrome: A Reply to Chase-Dunn and Sokolovsky |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600689 |journal=International Studies Quarterly |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=369–374 |doi=10.2307/2600689 |jstor=2600689 |issn=0020-8833}}</ref> However, other historians prefer to see all of those conflicts as "Hegemonic Wars" or "General Wars", been inter-regional wars on the grand scale, but not worldly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Levy |first=Jack S. |date=April 1985 |title=Theories of General War |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/theories-of-general-war/67FF1194166413E399BE9C6475F720F8 |journal=World Politics |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=344–374 |doi=10.2307/2010247 |jstor=2010247 |issn=1086-3338}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Melko |first=Matthew |date=2001 |title=The Importance of General Wars in World History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23607788 |journal=Peace Research |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=83–100 |jstor=23607788 |issn=0008-4697}}</ref>

Other historians suggest even earlier conflicts to be world wars. For example, Russian ethnologist [[Lev Gumilev|L. N. Gumilyov]] called the [[Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628]] "the World War of the 7th century" because it evolved into a war between the fourfold alliance of the [[Tang dynasty|Chinese Empire]], the [[Western Turkic Khaganate]], the [[Khazars]], and the [[Byzantine Empire]] against a triple union of the [[Sasanian Empire]], the [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]], and the [[First Turkic Khaganate|Eastern Turkic Khaganate]], with proxy conflicts in [[Afro-Eurasia]] (like the [[Aksumite–Persian wars]]) and across the [[Old World]].<ref>Gumilyov L. N. [http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot15.htm Ancient Turks. Chapter XV. World War VII.] - M. : Iris-Press, 2009. - 560 p. — (Library of history and culture). {{ISBN|978-5-8112-3742-5}}</ref>

Others consider that the [[Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations]] and [[Ottoman–Habsburg wars]] can be considered as world conflicts, prototypes of the "[[Great Game]]" in [[Eurasia]] and the [[Scramble for Africa]], but between two main power-projecting and religious blocs, the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], as holders of the [[Muslim]] [[Caliphate]], and the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburgs]], as [[Holy Roman Emperor]].<ref>Crowley, Roger Empires of the Sea: The Siege of Malta, the battle of Lepanto and the contest for the center of the world, [[Random House]], 2008</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-22 |title=The Ottoman 'Discovery' of the Indian Ocean in the Sixteenth Century: The Age of Exploration from an Islamic Perspective | website=History Cooperative |url=https://historycooperative.org/journal/the-ottoman-discovery-of-the-indian-ocean-in-the-sixteenth-century-the-age-of-exploration-from-an-islamic-perspective/ |access-date=2023-05-04 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Burke |first=Edmund |title=Encounters Old and New in World History: The Sixteenth-Century World War and the Roots of the Modern World |date=2017-06-30 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |isbn=978-0-8248-6591-7 |doi=10.21313/hawaii/9780824865917.003.0006}}</ref>

However, the [[Americas]] and [[Oceania]] were not involved in those conflicts, in which case, other historians consider the [[Thirty Years' War]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pike |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mVaWzgEACAAJ |title=The Thirty Years War, 1618 - 1648: The First Global War and the End of Habsburg Supremacy |date=2023-01-16 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |isbn=978-1-5267-7575-7 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Trettioåriga kriget |url=https://historiskamedia.se/bok/trettioariga-kriget/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Historiska Media |language=sv-SE}}</ref> and [[Eighty Years' War]] (specially [[Dutch–Portuguese War|Iberian–Dutch War]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=The First Global War: The Dutch versus Iberia in Asia, Africa and the New World, 1590-1609 |url=https://www.cepese.pt/portal/pt/publicacoes/obras/volume-1-number-1-summer-2003/the-first-global-war-the-dutch-versus-iberia-in-asia-africa-and-the-new-world-1590-1609 |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=CEPESE {{!}} CENTRO DE ESTUDOS DA POPULAÇÃO, ECONOMIA E SOCIEDADE |language=pt}}</ref><ref>[https://www2.historia.su.se/personal/jan_glete/Glete-Sea_Power_Habsburg_Spain.pdf Jan Glete. The sea power of Habsburg Spain and the development of European navies, 1500-1700*. Paper to the conference Guerra y Sociedad en la Monarquía Hispánica: Politica, Estrategia y Cultura en la Europa Moderna (1500-1700), Madrid, 9-12 March 2005]</ref> as the first global conflict, pitting the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese Empire]]s against the [[French colonial empire|French]], [[Dutch colonial empire|Dutch]], and [[British Empire]]s and their allies (mostly [[Protestantism|Protestants]], like [[Danish colonial empire|Danish]] and [[Swedish colonial empire|Swedish oversea]] expeditions) across the five continents.<ref>Written by Felix Velazquez Lopez. With the collaboration of several academics from universities in Spain. Produced by Premium Cinema. (2010). «The History of the Greatest Empire Ever Known: Chapter 5, Felipe III (Los Austrias)».</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://academic.oup.com/gh/article/38/4/550/5820729 |access-date=2023-04-04 |title= Globalizing the Thirty Years War: Early German Newspapers and their Geopolitical Perspective on the Atlantic World |date=2020 |doi=10.1093/gerhis/ghaa018 |last1=Müller |first1=Johannes |journal=German History |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=550–567 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Yun-Casalilla |first=Bartolomé |title=The Luso-Spanish Composite Global Empire, 1598–1640 |date=2019 |work=Iberian World Empires and the Globalization of Europe 1415–1668 |series=Palgrave Studies in Comparative Global History |pages=323–376 |editor-last=Yun-Casalilla |editor-first=Bartolomé |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-0833-8_7 |isbn=978-981-13-0833-8|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Another possible example is the [[Second Congo War]] (1998–2003) even though it was only waged on one continent. It involved nine nations and led to ongoing [[low-intensity warfare]] despite official peace and the first democratic elections in 2006. It has been referred to as "Africa's World War".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/africasworldwarc0000prun |title=Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe |first=Gerard |last=Prunier |publisher=Barnes & Noble |isbn=9780195374209 |year=2014 |access-date=20 October 2014 |url-access=registration }}</ref>

{{anchor|The World Wars|World wars of the 20th century|World Wars|World
War I|WWI|WW1|World War II|WWII|WW2}}

{|style="width:100%;" class="sortable wikitable"
|+ 
|- style="background:#CCCC;"
! Event
! Casualties lowest estimate
! Casualties highest estimate
! Location
! From
! To
! Duration (years)
|-
| align="center" | {{Css Image Crop|Image = NineYearsWar.png|bSize = 256|cWidth = 256|cHeight = 128}} [[Nine Years' War]]<ref name="HamiltonHerwig2003">{{cite book | editor1 = Richard F. Hamilton | editor2 = Holger H. Herwig | date = 24 February 2003 | title = The Origins of World War I | chapter = Chapter 1: World Wars: Definition and Causes | first1 = Richard F. | last1 = Hamilton | first2 = Holger H. | last2 = Herwig | publisher = Cambridge University Press | pages = 4–9 | isbn = 978-1-107-39386-8 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fcILAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 | access-date = 21 January 2022 | archive-date = 21 January 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121060914/https://books.google.com/books?id=fcILAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="ChildsChilds1991">{{cite book | author1 = John Charles Roger Childs | author2 = John Childs | date = 1991 | title = The Nine Years' War and the British Army, 1688–1697: The Operations in the Low Countries | publisher = Manchester University Press | pages = 5 | isbn = 978-0-7190-3461-9 | oclc = 1166971747 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q_3HAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA5 | access-date = 2022-01-21 | archive-date = 2022-01-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121060909/https://books.google.com/books?id=q_3HAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA5 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Cohen2012">{{cite book | author = Eliot A. Cohen | date = 13 November 2012 | title = Conquered Into Liberty: Two Centuries of Battles Along the Great Warpath that Made the American Way of War | publisher = Simon and Schuster | pages = 339 | isbn = 978-1-4516-2411-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0oIwBsuA8K4C&pg=PA339 | access-date = 21 January 2022 | archive-date = 21 January 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121060910/https://books.google.com/books?id=0oIwBsuA8K4C&pg=PA339 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Gillespie2021">{{cite book | author = Alexander Gillespie | date = 14 January 2021 | title = The Causes of War: Volume IV: 1650 – 1800 | publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing | pages = 452 | isbn = 978-1-5099-1218-6 | oclc = 1232140043 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=y7EVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA452 | access-date = 21 January 2022 | archive-date = 21 January 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121060911/https://books.google.com/books?id=y7EVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA452 | url-status = live }}</ref>
| 680,000<ref name="HamiltonHerwig2003" />
| 
| [[Europe]], [[North America]], [[South America]], [[Asia]]
| 1688
| 1697
| 9
|-
| align="center" | {{Css Image Crop|Image = WaroftheSpanishSuccession.png|bSize = 256|cWidth = 256|cHeight = 128}} [[War of the Spanish Succession]]<ref name="HamiltonHerwig2003" /><ref name="Cohen2012" />
| 700,000<ref name = "Urlanis1971">{{cite book |last= Urlanis |first= Boris Cezarevič | page = 187 | title=Wars and Population |year = 1971 |publisher=Progress Publishing }}</ref>
| 1,251,000<ref name = "Levy2014">{{cite book |last=Levy |first=Jack |title = War in the Modern Great Power System: 1495 to 1975 | page = 90 | publisher= University of Kentucky |year=2014 |isbn=978-0813163659 }}</ref>
| [[Europe]], [[North America]], [[South America]], [[Africa]]
| 1701
| 1714
| 13
|-
| align="center" | {{Css Image Crop|Image = WaroftheAustrianSuccession.png|bSize = 256|cWidth = 256|cHeight = 128}} [[War of the Austrian Succession]]<ref name="HamiltonHerwig2003" /><ref name="Lynn2013">{{cite book | author = John A. Lynn | date = 19 December 2013 | title = The Wars of Louis XIV 1667–1714 | publisher = Routledge | pages = 261 | isbn = 978-1-317-89951-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yy9mAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA261 | access-date = 21 January 2022 | archive-date = 21 January 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121060913/https://books.google.com/books?id=yy9mAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA261 | url-status = live }}</ref>
| 359,000<ref name="HamiltonHerwig2003" />
| 
| [[Europe]], [[North America]], [[South America]], [[Asia]]
| 1740
| 1748
| 8
|-
| align="center" | {{Css Image Crop|Image = SevenYearsWar.png|bSize = 256|cWidth = 256|cHeight = 128}} [[Seven Years' War]]<ref name="bbcfirstworldwars">{{cite news |title=WW1: Was it really the first world war? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28057198 |access-date=20 January 2022 |work=BBC News |date=28 June 2014 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120202946/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28057198 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hodgson |first1=Quentin E |title=The First Global War |journal=SAIS Review |date=2001 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=291–294 |doi=10.1353/sais.2001.0016 |s2cid=154584277 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/30528#:~:text=The%20Seven%20Years'%20War%2Dknown,global%20war%20in%20modern%20history. |issn=1945-4724 |access-date=2022-01-20 |archive-date=2018-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601224625/http://muse.jhu.edu/article/30528#:~:text=The%20Seven%20Years'%20War%2Dknown,global%20war%20in%20modern%20history. |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 992,000<ref name="HamiltonHerwig2003" />
| 1,500,000<ref name="horriblethings">{{cite book |first=Matthew |last=White |title=The Great Big Book of Horrible Things: The Definitive Chronicle of History's 100 Worst Atrocities |date=2012 |publisher=W. W. Norton |pages=529–530 |isbn=978-0-393-08192-3}}</ref>
| [[Europe]], [[North America]], [[South America]], [[Africa]], [[Asia]]
| 1754
| 1763
| 9
|-
| align="center" | {{Css Image Crop|Image = AmericanRevolutionaryWar.png|bSize = 256|cWidth = 256|cHeight = 128}} [[American Revolutionary War]]<ref name="AllisonFerreiro2018"/>
| 217,000
| 262,000
| [[North America]], [[Gibraltar]], [[Balearic Islands]], [[Asia]], [[Africa]], [[Caribbean Sea]], [[Atlantic Ocean]], [[Indian Ocean]]
| 1775
| 1783
| 8
|-
| align="center" | {{Css Image Crop|Image = FrenchRevolutionaryWars.png|bSize = 256|cWidth = 256|cHeight = 128}} [[French Revolutionary Wars]]<ref name="HamiltonHerwig2003" />
| 663,000<ref name="HamiltonHerwig2003" />
| 
| [[Europe]], [[Egypt]], [[Middle East]], [[Atlantic Ocean]], [[Caribbean]], [[Indian Ocean]]
| 1792
| 1802
| 9
|-
| align="center" | {{Css Image Crop|Image = NapoleonicWars.png|bSize = 256|cWidth = 256|cHeight = 128}} [[Napoleonic Wars]]<ref name="bbcfirstworldwars"/><ref>{{cite web |title=1812: The First World War |url=https://ageofrevolution.org/waterloo-timeline/1812-the-first-world-war/ |website=Age of Revolution |access-date=20 January 2022 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120202948/https://ageofrevolution.org/waterloo-timeline/1812-the-first-world-war/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 1,800,000<ref name="HamiltonHerwig2003" />
| 7,000,000<ref>Charles Esdaile "Napoleon's Wars: An International History".</ref>
| [[Europe]], [[Atlantic Ocean]], [[Mediterranean Sea]], [[North Sea]], [[Río de la Plata]], [[French Guiana]], [[West Indies]], [[Indian Ocean]], [[North America]], [[South Caucasus]]
| 1803
| 1815
| 13
|-
| align="center" | {{Css Image Crop|Image = WWI-re.png|bSize = 256|cWidth = 256|cHeight = 128}} [[World War I]]
| 15,000,000<ref>{{harvnb|Willmott|2003|p=307}}</ref>
| 65,000,000<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-0979.htm|journal =Emerging Infectious Diseases |publisher=CDC |title=1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics |volume= 12 |issue=1 |date= January 2006 |first1=Jeffery K. |last1=Taubenberger |first2=David M. |last2=Morens |pages =15–22 |doi =10.3201/eid1209.05-0979 |pmid =16494711 |pmc =3291398 |access-date=2017-09-18|archive-date=2009-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006002531/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol12no01/05-0979.htm|url-status=live|hdl=1805/733 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ||Global 
| 1914
| 1918
| 4
|-
| align="center" | {{Css Image Crop|Image = Map of participants in World War II.svg|bSize = 256|cWidth = 256|cHeight = 128}} [[World War II]]
| 40,000,000<ref name="auto">{{cite book| first = David| last = Wallechinsky| title = David Wallechinskys 20th Century: History With the Boring Parts Left Out| date = 1996-09-01| publisher = Little Brown| isbn = 978-0-316-92056-8}}</ref>
| 85,000,000<ref name="auto1">Fink, George: ''Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster''</ref>
| Global 
| 1939
| 1945
| 6
|-
| align="center" | {{Css Image Crop|Image = Cold War Map 1980.svg|bSize = 256|cWidth = 256|cHeight = 128}} [[Cold War]]
|
|
| Global
| 1947
| 1991
| 47
|-
| align="center" | {{Css Image Crop|Image = Battlefields in The Global War on Terror.svg|bSize = 256|cWidth = 256|cHeight = 128}} [[War on terror]]
| 4,500,000<ref name="brownuni2023">
* {{cite web|title=Human Cost of Post-9/11 Wars: Direct War Deaths in Major War Zones, Afghanistan & Pakistan (Oct. 2001 – Aug. 2021); Iraq (March 2003 – Aug. 2021); Syria (Sept. 2014 – May 2021); Yemen (Oct. 2002–Aug. 2021) and Other Post-9/11 War Zones|url=https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/figures/2021/WarDeathToll|access-date=10 September 2021|website=The Costs of War}}
* {{Cite news |last=Berger |first=Miriam |date=15 May 2023 |title=Post-9/11 wars have contributed to some 4.5 million deaths, report suggests |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/05/15/war-on-terror-911-deaths-afghanistan-iraq/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529144019/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/05/15/war-on-terror-911-deaths-afghanistan-iraq/ |archive-date=29 May 2023}}
* {{Cite web |last=Savell |first=Stephanie |date=15 May 2023 |title=How Death Outlives War: The Reverberating Impact of the Post-9/11 Wars on Human Health |url=https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2023/Indirect%20Deaths.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609194652/https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2023/Indirect%20Deaths.pdf |archive-date=9 June 2023 |website=Costs of War |publisher=Watson Institute of International & Public Affairs}}</ref>
| 4,600,000<ref name="brownuni2023" />
| Global 
| 2001
| present
|}