Editing Women's suffrage (section)

==Suffrage movements==
[[File:Emmeline Pankhurst adresses crowd.jpg|thumb|After selling her home, British activist [[Emmeline Pankhurst]] travelled constantly, giving speeches throughout Britain and the United States. One of her most famous speeches, ''[[s:Freedom or death|Freedom or death]]'', was delivered in Connecticut in 1913.|330x330px]]

The suffrage movement was a broad one, made up of women and men with a wide range of views. In terms of diversity, the greatest achievement of the 20th-century woman suffrage movement was its extremely broad class base.<ref>Dubois, Dumneil 2012, p. 474.</ref> One major division, especially in Britain, was between suffragists, who sought to create change constitutionally, and [[suffragette]]s, led by English political activist [[Emmeline Pankhurst]], who in 1903 formed the more militant [[Women's Social and Political Union]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/society/2008/07/emmeline-pankhurst-women-cause |title=Newstatesman.com |publisher=Newstatesman.com |date=July 1, 2008|access-date=January 8, 2011}}</ref> Pankhurst would not be satisfied with anything but action on the question of women's enfranchisement, with "deeds, not words" the organization's motto.<ref>Maroula Joannou, [[June Purvis]] (1998) [https://books.google.com/books?id=8dHBAAAAIAAJ&dq=women%27s+social+and+political+union+emmeline+pankhurst&pg=PA157 The women's suffrage movement: new feminist perspectives]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528200836/https://books.google.com/books?id=8dHBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA157&dq=women%27s%20social%20and%20political%20union%20emmeline%20pankhurst&hl=en&ei=H9CHTsvJCoPEtAbCyMTgAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ |date=May 28, 2016 }}, p. 157. Manchester University Press, 1998.</ref><ref>Van Wingerden, Sophia A. (1999) ''The women's suffrage movement in Britain, 1866–1928''. Palgrave. Ch 1. {{ISBN|9780312218539}}.</ref>

[[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]] and [[Lucretia Mott]] were the first two women in America to organize the women's rights convention in July 1848. [[Susan B. Anthony]] later joined the movement and helped form the National Woman's Suffrage Association (NWSA) in May 1869. Their goal was to change the 15th Amendment because it did not mention nor include women which is why the NWSA protested against it. Around the same time, there was also another group of women who supported the 15th amendment and they called themselves American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). The American Women Suffrage Association was founded by [[Lucy Stone]], [[Julia Ward Howe]], and [[Thomas Wentworth Higginson]], who were more focused on gaining access at a local level.<ref name="National Archives-2016">{{Cite web |date=2016-08-15 |title=Woman Suffrage and the 19th Amendment |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/woman-suffrage |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=National Archives}}</ref> The two groups united became one and called themselves the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).<ref name="National Archives-2016"/>

Throughout the world, the [[Women's Christian Temperance Union]] (WCTU), which was established in the United States in 1873, campaigned for women's suffrage, in addition to ameliorating the condition of prostitutes.<ref name="MarionOliver2014">{{cite book |last1=Marion |first1=Nancy E. |last2=Oliver |first2=Willard M. |title=Drugs in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture, and the Law |date=2014 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-596-1 |page=963}}</ref><ref name="BlockerFaheyTyrrell2003">{{cite book |last1=Blocker |first1=Jack S. |last2=Fahey |first2=David M. |last3=Tyrrell |first3=Ian R. |title=Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia |date=2003 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-833-4}}</ref> Under the leadership of [[Frances Willard]], "the WCTU became the largest women's organization of its day and is now the oldest continuing women's organization in the United States."<ref name="Burlingame2004">{{cite book |last1=Burlingame |first1=Dwight |title=Philanthropy in America: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia |date=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-860-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/philanthropyinam00sant/page/511 511]|url=https://archive.org/details/philanthropyinam00sant/page/511 }}</ref>

There was also a diversity of views on a "woman's place". Suffragist themes often included the notions that women were naturally kinder and more concerned about children and the elderly.  As Kraditor shows, it was often assumed that women voters would have a civilizing effect on politics, opposing domestic violence, liquor, and emphasizing cleanliness and community.  An opposing theme, Kraditor argues, held that women had the same moral standards. They should be equal in every way and that there was no such thing as a woman's "natural role".<ref>Kraditor, Aileen S., ''The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement: 1890–1920'' (1965), ch. 3.</ref><ref>Bolt, Christine, ''The Women's Movements in the United States and Britain from the 1790s to the 1920s'' (2014), pp. 133, 235.</ref>

For Black women in the United States, achieving suffrage was a way to counter the disfranchisement of the men of their race.<ref name="Dubois, Dumneil 2012, p. 475">Dubois, Dumneil 2012, p. 475.</ref> Despite this discouragement, black suffragists continued to insist on their equal political rights. Starting in the 1890s, African American women began to assert their political rights aggressively from within their own clubs and suffrage societies.<ref>{{Cite book|title=African American women in the struggle for the vote, 1850–1920|last=Terborg-Penn|first=Rosalyn|date=1998|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-33378-0|location=Bloomington|oclc=37693895|url=https://archive.org/details/africanamericanw00terb}}</ref> "If white American women, with all their natural and acquired advantages, need the ballot," argued [[Adella Hunt Logan]] of Tuskegee, Alabama, "how much more do black Americans, male and female, need the strong defense of a vote to help secure their right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness?"<ref name="Dubois, Dumneil 2012, p. 475"/>