Editing Wiesbaden (section)

===Modern era===
[[File:Wiesbaden De Merian Hassiae.jpg|thumb|A view of Wiesbaden from the ''Topographia Hassiae'' by [[Matthäus Merian]] in 1655|295px]]
Due to its participation in the uprisings of the [[German Peasants' War]] of 1525, Wiesbaden lost all its privileges for over 40 years. During this time, Wiesbaden became [[Protestant]] with the nomination of Wolf Denthener as first [[Lutheran]] pastor on 1 January 1543. The same day, the first Latin school was opened, preparing pupils for the [[gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]] in [[Idstein]]. In 1566, the privileges of the city were restored.

The oldest remaining building of Wiesbaden, the old city hall, was built in 1609 and 1610. No older buildings are preserved due to two fires in 1547 and 1561. In 1648, at the end of the devastating [[Thirty Years' War]], chronicles tell that Wiesbaden had barely 40 residents left. In 1659, the County of Nassau-Weilburg was divided again. Wiesbaden became part of the County of Nassau-Usingen. In 1744, the seat of Nassau-Usingen was moved to [[Biebrich (Wiesbaden)|Biebrich]]. In 1771, the Count of Nassau-Usingen granted a concession for gambling in Wiesbaden. In 1810, the Wiesbaden Casino (German: ''Spielbank'') was opened in the old Kurhaus. Gambling was later outlawed by [[Prussia]]n authorities in 1872.

As a result of [[Napoleon]]'s victory over Austria in the [[Battle of Austerlitz]], the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1805. On 12 July 1806, 16 states in present-day Germany, including the remaining counties of Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Weilburg, formally left the Holy Roman Empire and joined in the [[Confederation of the Rhine]]. Napoleon was its "protector". Under pressure from Napoleon, both counties merged to form the [[Duchy of Nassau]] on 30 August 1806.

[[File:Wiesbaden Waterloo Memorian.jpg|thumb|right|Memorial for [[Duchy of Nassau|Nassauers]] fallen at the [[Battle of Waterloo]]]]At the 1815 [[Congress of Vienna]], the Duchy of Nassau joined the [[German Confederation]]. The capital of Nassau was moved from Weilburg to Wiesbaden, and the city became the ducal residence. Building activity started to give the city a magnificent appearance. Most of the historical center of Wiesbaden dates back to this time.

[[File:Wiesbaden Innenstadt.jpg|thumb|The [[Marktkirche, Wiesbaden|Marktkirche]], designed by [[Carl Boos]]: Its neo-Gothic steeple dominates the [[Pentagon (Wiesbaden)|Historical Pentagon]].]]
In the [[Revolutions of 1848]], 30,000 citizens of Nassau assembled in Wiesbaden on 4 March. They demanded a constitution from the Duke, which they received.

In the [[Austro-Prussian War]] of 1866, Nassau took Austria's side. This decision led to the end of the duchy. After the Austrian defeat, Nassau was annexed by [[Prussia]] and became part of the Prussian [[province of Hesse-Nassau]]. The deposed duke [[Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg|Adolph of Nassau]] in 1890 became the [[Grand Duke of Luxembourg]] (see [[House of Nassau]]). This turned out to be a fortunate change for the city, as it then became an international spa town. A rise in construction commenced after the aristocracy followed the lead of the Hohenzollern emperors, who began annual trips to Wiesbaden.<ref>{{cite book |title= Wiesbaden: For Old Friends and New|last= Heinrich-Verlag GmBH|year= 2011|publisher= Heinrich-Verlag GmBH|isbn= 978-3-89889-167-7|pages= 11}}</ref>

The period around the turn of the 20th century is regarded as the heyday of the city. [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]] visited the city regularly in summer, such that it became an unofficial "summer residence". The city was also popular among the Russian nobility. In the wake of the imperial court, numerous nobles, artists, and wealthy businessmen increasingly settled in the city. Many wealthy persons chose Wiesbaden as their retirement seat, as it offered leisure and medical treatment alike. In the latter part of the 19th century, Wiesbaden became the German city with the most millionaires.<ref>{{cite book |title= Wiesbaden: For Old Friends and New|last= Heinrich-Verlag GmBH|year= 2011|publisher= Heinrich-Verlag GmBH|isbn= 978-3-89889-167-7|pages= 12}}</ref>

In 1894, the present Hessian State Theater, designed by the Vienna architects Fellner and Helmer, was built on behalf of Kaiser Wilhelm II.