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==Media== ===Film=== {{Main|Western film}} [[File:Great train robbery still.jpg|right|thumb|240px|[[Justus D. Barnes]] in Western apparel, as "Bronco Billy Anderson", from the [[silent film]] ''[[The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)|The Great Train Robbery]]'' (1903), the second Western film and the first one shot in the United States]] [[File:The Great Train Robbery (1903) - yt.webm|alt=|thumb|right|250px|''[[The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)|The Great Train Robbery]]'' full film (1903); runtime 00:11:51.]] The [[American Film Institute]] defines Western films as those "set in the American West that [embody] the spirit, the struggle, and the demise of the [[Frontier thesis|new frontier]]".<ref>{{cite web |title=America's 10 Greatest Films in 10 Classic Genres |url=http://www.afi.com/10top10/ |access-date=2010-06-06 |publisher=[[American Film Institute]] |archive-date=September 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930120028/http://www.afi.com/10top10/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Originally, these films were called "Wild West dramas", a reference to [[Wild West shows]] like [[Buffalo Bill|Buffalo Bill Cody's]].<ref name=":0" /> The term "Western", used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in ''Motion Picture World'' magazine.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=McMahan |first=Alison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oA47uwEACAAJ |title=Alice Guy Blaché: Lost Visionary of the Cinema |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-1-5013-4023-9 |pages=122 |language=en}}</ref> Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th-century popular [[Western fiction]], and were firmly in place before film became a popular art form.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Henry Nash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utTWAAAAMAAJ |title=Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth |date=1970 |publisher=Harvard University Press |language=en}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=September 2023}} Western films commonly feature protagonists such as cowboys, gunslingers, and bounty hunters, who are often depicted as seminomadic wanderers who wear [[Stetson]] hats, [[Kerchief|bandanna]]s, spurs, and [[buckskins]], use revolvers or rifles as everyday tools of survival and as a means to settle disputes using frontier justice. Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Indick |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NE0-EAAAQBAJ |title=The Psychology of the Western: How the American Psyche Plays Out on Screen |date=2014-11-21 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-9211-4 |pages=8, 12 |language=en |quote=[T]he principal archetype of the genre, the Western hero, is analyzed within the context of his various personas: the chivalrous cowboy, the honorable marshal, the lone crusader, and the rebel outlaw... He is more comfortable living in the open frontier than in the cities, and most importantly, he does not conform to the laws and customs of civilized society. He answers only to his own code of honor and enforces his own personal brand of justice... [W]riters established the cowboy hero as the legendary icon of the West. They dressed him in chaps and a ten-gallon hat, straddled him atop a horse, armed him with a revolver, and set him loose on the Western plains.}}</ref>[[File:Gary Cooper 2.jpg|thumb|right|{{center|[[Gary Cooper]] in ''[[Vera Cruz (film)|Vera Cruz]]''}}]] The first films that belong to the Western genre are a series of short single reel silents made in 1894 by [[Edison Studios]] at their [[Edison's Black Maria|Black Maria]] studio in [[West Orange, New Jersey]]. These featured veterans of [[Buffalo Bill|''Buffalo Bill's Wild West'' show]] exhibiting skills acquired by living in the Old West – they included [[Annie Oakley]] (shooting) and members of the [[Sioux]] (dancing).<ref>{{cite web |year=1894 |title=Sioux ghost dance |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/00694139/ |access-date=9 September 2021 |publisher=Library of Congress |archive-date=January 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122211341/https://www.loc.gov/item/00694139/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The earliest known Western narrative film is the British short ''[[Kidnapping by Indians]]'', made by [[Mitchell and Kenyon]] in [[Blackburn]], England, in 1899.<ref>{{cite news |date=2019-10-31 |title=World's first Western movie 'filmed in Blackburn' |newspaper=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-50211023 |access-date=1 November 2019 |archive-date=January 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122035528/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-50211023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kidnapping by Indians |url=https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-kidnapping-by-indians-1899-1899-online |access-date=1 November 2019 |work=BFI |archive-date=January 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122035537/https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-kidnapping-by-indians-1899-1899-online |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)|The Great Train Robbery]]'' (1903, based on the earlier British film ''[[A Daring Daylight Burglary]]''), [[Edwin S. Porter]]'s film starring [[Broncho Billy Anderson]], is often erroneously cited as the first Western, though George N. Fenin and [[William K. Everson]] point out (as mentioned above) that the "Edison company had played with Western material for several years prior to ''The Great Train Robbery''". Nonetheless, they concur that Porter's film "set the pattern—of crime, pursuit, and retribution—for the Western film as a genre".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fenin |first1=George N. |title=The Western: From Silents to Cinerama |last2=Everson |first2=William K. |publisher=Bonanza Books |year=1962 |isbn=978-1-163-70021-1 |location=New York City |page=47}}</ref> The film's popularity opened the door for Anderson to become the screen's first Western star; he made several hundred Western film shorts. So popular was the genre that he soon faced competition from [[Tom Mix]] and [[William S. Hart]].<ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 1971 |title=Bronco Billy Anderson Is Dead at 88 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/01/21/archives/bronco-billy-anderson-is-dead-at-88j.html |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-date=October 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015012015/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/01/21/archives/bronco-billy-anderson-is-dead-at-88j.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Western films were enormously popular in the [[silent film]] era (1894–1927). With the advent of sound in 1927–1928, the major Hollywood studios rapidly abandoned Westerns,<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/10/magazine/11schatz.html, ''New York Times Magazine''] (November 10, 2007).</ref> leaving the genre to smaller studios and producers. These smaller organizations churned out countless low-budget features and serials in the 1930s. An exception was The Big Trail, a 1930 American pre-Code Western early widescreen film shot on location across the American West starring 23-year-old John Wayne in his first leading role and directed by Raoul Walsh. The epic film noted for its authenticity was a financial failure due to Depression era theatres not willing to invest in widescreen technology. By the late 1930s, the Western film was widely regarded as a pulp genre in Hollywood, but its popularity was dramatically revived in 1939 by major studio productions such as ''[[Dodge City (film)|Dodge City]]'' starring [[Errol Flynn]], ''[[Jesse James (1939 film)|Jesse James]]'' with [[Tyrone Power]], ''[[Union Pacific (film)|Union Pacific]]'' with [[Joel McCrea]], ''[[Destry Rides Again]]'' featuring [[James Stewart]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]], and especially [[John Ford|John Ford's]] landmark Western adventure ''[[Stagecoach (1939 film)|Stagecoach]] '' starring [[John Wayne]], which became one of the biggest hits of the year. Released through United Artists, ''Stagecoach'' made John Wayne a mainstream screen star in the wake of a decade of headlining B Westerns. Wayne had been introduced to the screen 10 years earlier as the [[Leading actor|leading man]] in director [[Raoul Walsh]]'s spectacular [[widescreen]] ''[[The Big Trail]]'', which failed at the box office in spite of being shot on location across the American West, including the [[Grand Canyon]], [[Yosemite]], and the giant [[Sequoioideae|redwoods]], due in part to exhibitors' inability to switch over to widescreen during the [[Great Depression]]. After renewed commercial successes in the late 1930s, the popularity of Westerns continued to rise until its peak in the 1950s, when the number of Western films produced outnumbered all other genres combined.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ylSQBQAAQBAJ&dq=western+most+popular+film+genre+more+combined&pg=PA2 |title=Indick, William. The Psychology of the Western. Pg. 2 McFarland, Aug 27, 2008. |isbn=9780786434602 |access-date=March 16, 2023 |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405115818/https://books.google.com/books?id=ylSQBQAAQBAJ&dq=western+most+popular+film+genre+more+combined&pg=PA2 |url-status=live |last1=Indick |first1=William |date=September 10, 2008 |publisher=McFarland }}</ref> The period from 1940 to 1960 has been called the "Golden Age of the Western".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gittell |first=Noah |date=2014-06-17 |title=Superheroes Replaced Cowboys at the Movies. But It's Time to Go Back to Cowboys. |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/06/the-return-of-the-western/372871/ |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=The Atlantic |language=en |archive-date=July 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721110308/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/06/the-return-of-the-western/372871/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is epitomized by the work of several prominent directors including [[Robert Aldrich]], [[Budd Boetticher]], [[Delmer Daves]], [[John Ford]], and others. Some of the popular films during this era include ''[[Apache (film)|Apache]]'' (1954), ''[[Broken Arrow (1950 film)|Broken Arrow]]'' (1950), and ''[[My Darling Clementine]]'' (1946).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Grey |first1=Zane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2F0DEAAAQBAJ |title=Essential Western Novels - Volume 10 |last2=Brand |first2=Max |last3=Mulford |first3=Clarence E. |last4=Raine |first4=William MacLeod |last5=Bower |first5=B. M. |date=2020-09-28 |publisher=Tacet Books |isbn=978-3-96987-750-0 |language=en}}</ref> The changing popularity of the Western genre has influenced worldwide pop culture over time.<ref name="Netflix Tudum 2021">{{cite web |date=December 27, 2021 |title=Why Are Westerns Still Popular? |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/why-are-westerns-still-popular |access-date=March 15, 2023 |website=Netflix Tudum |archive-date=March 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315194519/https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/why-are-westerns-still-popular |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mens Health 2022">{{cite web |date=December 15, 2022 |title=Why Everyone Suddenly Loves Westerns Again |url=https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a41830004/modern-westerns-masculinity-men-popularity/ |access-date=March 15, 2023 |website=Men's Health |author-last1=Calhoun|author-first1=Jordan|archive-date=March 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315200031/https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a41830004/modern-westerns-masculinity-men-popularity/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During the 1960s and 1970s, [[Spaghetti Western]]s from [[Italy]] became popular worldwide; this was due to the success of [[Sergio Leone]]'s storytelling method.<ref name="Butler 2023">{{cite web |last=Butler |first=Nancy |date=January 27, 2023 |title=Inventing America: Spaghetti Westerns and Sergio Leone |url=https://italysegreta.com/spaghetti-westerns-and-sergio-leone/ |access-date=March 15, 2023 |website=Italy Segreta |archive-date=March 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315194521/https://italysegreta.com/spaghetti-westerns-and-sergio-leone/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gray Gray 2019">{{cite web |last=Gray |first=Tim |date=January 4, 2019 |title=Sergio Leone's Spaghetti Westerns Made a Fistful of Dollars and Clint Eastwood a Star |url=https://variety.com/2019/vintage/features/sergio-leone-clint-eastwood-1203097936/ |access-date=March 15, 2023 |website=Variety |archive-date=March 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315194519/https://variety.com/2019/vintage/features/sergio-leone-clint-eastwood-1203097936/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After having been previously pronounced dead, a resurgence of Westerns occurred during the 1990s with films such as ''[[Dances with Wolves]]'' (1990), ''[[Unforgiven]]'' (1992), and ''Geronimo'' (1993), as Westerns once again increased in popularity.<ref name="Busby Buscombe Pearson 1999 p=520">{{cite journal |last1=Busby |first1=Mark |last2=Buscombe |first2=Edward |last3=Pearson |first3=Roberta E. |year=1999 |title=Back in the Saddle Again: New Essays on the Western |journal=The Western Historical Quarterly |publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) |volume=30 |issue=4 |page=520 |doi=10.2307/971437 |issn=0043-3810 |jstor=971437}}</ref><ref name="Kollin 1999 pp. 238–250">{{cite journal |last=Kollin |first=Susan |year=1999 |title=Theorizing the Western |journal=Western American Literature |publisher=Project Muse |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=238–250 |doi=10.1353/wal.1999.0081 |issn=1948-7142 |s2cid=166137254}}</ref> ===Television=== {{Main|Westerns on television}} [[File:James Garner Jack Kelly Maverick 1959.JPG|right|thumb|[[James Garner]] and [[Jack Kelly (actor)|Jack Kelly]] in ''[[Maverick (TV series)|Maverick]]'' (1957)]] When television became popular in the late 1940s and 1950s, Television Westerns quickly became an audience favorite.<ref name="Yoggy">{{Cite book |last=Yoggy |first=Gary A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSzuAAAAMAAJ |title=Riding the Video Range: The Rise and Fall of the Western on Television |date=1995 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]] |isbn=978-0-7864-0021-8 |language=en}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=September 2023}} Beginning with rebroadcasts of existing films, a number of movie cowboys had their own TV shows. As demand for the Western increased, new stories and stars were introduced. A number of long-running TV Westerns became classics in their own right, such as: ''[[The Lone Ranger (TV series)|The Lone Ranger]]'' (1949–1957), ''[[Death Valley Days]]'' (1952–1970), ''[[The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp]]'' (1955–1961), ''[[Cheyenne (TV series)|Cheyenne]]'' (1955–1962), ''[[Gunsmoke]]'' (1955–1975), ''[[Maverick (TV series)|Maverick]]'' (1957–1962), ''[[Have Gun – Will Travel]]'' (1957–1963), ''[[Wagon Train]]'' (1957–1965), ''[[The Rifleman]]'' (1958–1963), ''[[Rawhide (TV series)|Rawhide]]'' (1959–1966), ''[[Bonanza]]'' (1959–1973), ''[[The Virginian (TV series)|The Virginian]]'' (1962–1971), and ''[[The Big Valley]]'' (1965–1969). ''The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp'' was the first Western television series written for adults,<ref name="The Eastern Earps">{{cite news |last=Burris |first=Joe |title=The Eastern Earps |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2005/05/10/the-eastern-earps/ |newspaper=Baltimore Sun |date=May 10, 2005 |access-date=October 20, 2014 |archive-date=December 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216151656/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2005-05-10/features/0505100100_1_wyatt-earp-genealogy-indentured |url-status=live }}</ref> premiering four days before ''Gunsmoke'' on September 6, 1955.<ref name="Brooks_and_Marsh">{{Cite book|last1=Brooks|first1=Tim|author-link=Tim Brooks (historian)|last2=Marsh|first2=Earle F.|title=The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946-Present|publisher=[[Ballantine Books]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-345-49773-4|location=New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8KztFy6QYwC|access-date=May 28, 2021}}</ref>{{rp|570,786}}<ref name="McNeil">{{cite book |last=McNeil |first=Alex |title=Total Television: the Comprehensive Guide to Programming from 1948 to the Present |location=New York |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=0-14-02-4916-8 |date=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dctkAAAAMAAJ |access-date=May 28, 2021 |archive-date=March 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307172219/https://books.google.com/books?id=dctkAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|351,927}} The peak year for television Westerns was 1959, with 26 such shows airing during primetime. At least six of them were connected in some extent to [[Wyatt Earp]]: ''The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp'', ''[[Bat Masterson (TV series)|Bat Masterson]]'', ''[[Tombstone Territory]]'', ''[[Broken Arrow (TV series)|Broken Arrow]]'', ''[[Johnny Ringo (TV series)|Johnny Ringo]]'', and ''Gunsmoke''.<ref name="guinn">{{Cite book |last=Guinn |first=Jeff |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6yOCfoJu6a0C |title=The Last Gunfight: The Real Story of the Shootout at the O.K. Corral-And How It Changed the American West |date=2012-05-15 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4391-5425-0 |language=en}}</ref> Increasing costs of American television production weeded out most action half-hour series in the early 1960s, and their replacement by hour-long television shows, increasingly in color.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kisseloff |first=Jeff |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8JkAAAAMAAJ |title=The Box: An Oral History of Television, 1920-1961 |date=1995 |publisher=Viking |isbn=978-0-670-86470-6 |language=en}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=September 2023}} Traditional Westerns died out in the late 1960s as a result of network changes in [[demographic targeting]] along with pressure from parental television groups. Future entries in the genre would incorporate elements from other genera, such as crime drama and mystery whodunit elements. Western shows from the 1970s included ''[[Hec Ramsey]]'', ''[[Kung Fu (1972 TV series)|Kung Fu]]'', ''[[Little House on the Prairie (TV series)|Little House on the Prairie]]'', ''[[McCloud (TV series)|McCloud]]'', ''[[The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams]]'', and the short-lived but highly acclaimed ''[[How the West Was Won (TV series)|How the West Was Won]]'' that originated from a miniseries with the same name. In the 1990s and 2000s, hour-long Westerns and slickly packaged made-for-TV movie Westerns were introduced, such as ''[[Lonesome Dove (film)|Lonesome Dove]]'' (1989) and ''[[Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman]]''. Also, new elements were once again added to the Western formula, such as the [[space Western]], ''[[Firefly (TV series)|Firefly]]'', created by Joss Whedon in 2002. ''[[Deadwood (TV series)|Deadwood]]'' was a critically acclaimed Western series that aired on [[HBO]] from 2004 through 2006. ''[[Hell on Wheels (TV series)|Hell on Wheels]]'', a fictionalized story of the construction of the [[first transcontinental railroad]], aired on [[AMC (TV channel)|AMC]] for five seasons between 2011 and 2016. ''[[Longmire (TV series)|Longmire]]'' is a Western series that centered on [[Walt Longmire]], a sheriff in fictional Absaroka County, [[Wyoming]]. Originally aired on the [[A&E (TV channel)|A&E]] network from 2012 to 2014, it was picked up by [[Netflix]] in 2015 until the show's conclusion in 2017. [[AMC (TV channel)|AMC]] and [[Vince Gilligan|Vince Gilligan's]] critically acclaimed ''[[Breaking Bad]]'' is a much more modern take on the Western genre. Set in [[New Mexico]] from 2008 through 2013, it follows [[Walter White (Breaking Bad)|Walter White]] ([[Bryan Cranston]]), a chemistry teacher diagnosed with Stage III Lung Cancer who cooks and sells crystal [[meth]] to provide money for his family after he dies, while slowly growing further and further into the illicit drug market, eventually turning into a ruthless drug dealer and killer. While the show has scenes in a populated suburban neighborhood and nearby [[Albuquerque]], much of the show takes place in the desert, where Walter often takes his RV car out into the open desert to cook his meth, and most action sequences occur in the desert, similar to old-fashioned Western movies. The clash between the Wild West and modern technology like cars and cellphones, while also focusing primarily on being a [[crime drama]] makes the show a unique spin on both genres. Walter's reliance on the desert environment makes the Western-feel a pivotal role in the show, and would continue to be used in the spinoff series ''[[Better Call Saul]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-03 |title=Local IQ - Contemporary Western: An interview with Vince Gilligan |url=http://www.local-iq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3019&Itemid=56 |access-date=2022-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403091323/http://www.local-iq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3019&Itemid=56 |archive-date=April 3, 2013 }}</ref> The neo-Western drama ''[[Yellowstone (American TV series)|Yellowstone]]'' was streamed from 2018–2024. ===Literature=== {{Main|Western fiction}} [[Western fiction]] is a genre of literature set in the American Old West, most commonly between 1860 and 1900. The first critically recognized Western was ''[[The Virginian (novel)|The Virginian]]'' (1902) by [[Owen Wister]].<ref>{{cite web |date=June 27, 2017 |title=Classic Wild West Literature |url=https://wildwestliving.com/blogs/news/wild-west-literature}}</ref> Other well-known writers of Western fiction include [[Zane Grey]], from the early 1900s, [[Ernest Haycox]], [[Luke Short (writer)|Luke Short]], and [[Louis L'Amour]], from the mid 20th century. Many writers better known in other genres, such as [[Leigh Brackett]], [[Elmore Leonard]], and [[Larry McMurtry]], have also written Western novels. The genre's popularity peaked in the 1960s, due in part to the shuttering of many pulp magazines, the popularity of [[Television Westerns|televised Westerns]], and the rise of the spy novel. Readership began to drop off in the mid- to late 1970s and reached a new low in the 2000s. Most bookstores, outside of a few Western states, now only carry a small number of Western novels and short-story collections.<ref>{{cite book |author=McVeigh, Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IdyqBgAAQBAJ |title=The American Western |date=2007 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press| isbn=9780748629442 }}</ref> Literary forms that share similar themes include stories of the American frontier, the [[gaucho literature|''gaucho'' literature]] of [[Argentina]], and tales of the settlement of the Australian Outback. [[File:Wild West 1908.jpg|thumb|300px|"As Wild felled one of the [[redskin]]s by a blow from the butt of his [[revolver]], and sprang for the one with the [[tomahawk]], the chief's daughter suddenly appeared. Raising her hands, she exclaimed, 'Go back, Young Wild West. I will save her!{{'"}} (1908)]] === Visual arts === {{Main|Western American Art}} A number of visual artists focused their work on representations of the American Old West. American West-oriented art is sometimes referred to as "Western Art" by Americans. This relatively new category of art includes paintings, sculptures, and sometimes Native American crafts. Initially, subjects included exploration of the Western states and cowboy themes. [[Frederic Remington]] and [[Charles M. Russell]] are two artists who captured the "Wild West" in paintings and sculpture.<ref>{{cite news|author=Buscombe, Edward |title=Painting the Legend: Frederic Remington and the Western|work=Cinema Journal|date=1984|pages= 12–27}}</ref> After the death of Remington [[Richard Lorenz (artist)|Richard Lorenz]] became the preeminent artist painting in the Western genre.<ref name="Badger">{{cite book |title=Wisconsin : a guide to the Badger State |date=1941 |publisher=Duell, Sloan Pearce |location=New York |page=156 |isbn=978-1-60354-048-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qNmxCkmkam0C&dq=Richard+Lorenz+artist&pg=PA156 |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405204157/https://books.google.com/books?id=qNmxCkmkam0C&dq=Richard+Lorenz+artist&pg=PA156 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some art museums, such as the [[Buffalo Bill Center of the West]] in Wyoming and the [[Autry National Center]] in Los Angeles, feature American Western Art.<ref>{{cite book |author-last1=Goetzmann|author-first1=William H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXTGMAEACAAJ |title=The West of the Imagination |date=1986 |publisher=Norton |location=New York| isbn=9780393023701 }}</ref> ===Anime and manga=== With [[anime]] and [[manga]], the genre tends towards the science-fiction Western – e.g., ''[[Cowboy Bebop]]'' (1998 anime), ''[[Trigun]]'' (1995–2007 manga), and ''[[Outlaw Star]]'' (1996–1999 manga). Although contemporary Westerns also appear, such as ''[[Koya no Shonen Isamu]]'', a 1971 ''[[shonen]] ''manga about a boy with a Japanese father and a Native American mother, or ''[[El Cazador de la Bruja]]'', a 2007 anime television series set in modern-day Mexico. [[Steel Ball Run|Part 7]] of the manga series ''[[JoJo's Bizarre Adventure]]'' is based in the American Western setting. The story follows racers in a transcontinental horse race, the "Steel Ball Run". ''[[Golden Kamuy]]'' (2014–2022) shifts its setting to the fallout of the [[Russo-Japanese War]], specifically focusing on [[Hokkaido]] and [[Sakhalin]], and featuring the [[Ainu people]] and other local tribes instead of Native Americans, as well other recognizable Western tropes. ===Comics=== [[Western comics]] have included serious entries, (such as the classic comics of the late 1940s and early 1950s (namely ''[[Kid Colt, Outlaw]]'', ''[[Rawhide Kid]]'', and ''[[Red Ryder]]'') or more modern ones as [[Blueberry (comics)|''Blueberry'']]), cartoons, and parodies (such as ''[[Cocco Bill]]'' and ''[[Lucky Luke]]''). In the 1990s and 2000s, Western comics leaned towards the [[Fantasy comics|fantasy]], [[Horror comics|horror]] and [[Science fiction comics|science fiction]] genres, usually involving supernatural monsters, or Christian iconography as in ''Preacher''. More traditional Western comics are found throughout this period, though (e.g., ''[[Jonah Hex]]'' and ''[[Loveless (comics)|Loveless]]''). ===Video games=== {{see also|History of video games}} {{Expand section|date=October 2024}} Video game Westerns emerged in the 1970s. These games and drew on the imagery of a mythic West portrayed in stories, films, television shows, and other assorted Western-themed toys.<ref name="strong-westerngames">{{cite web|url=https://www.museumofplay.org/blog/gunfighter-gaming-a-history-of-the-video-game-western-part-i-1971-to-1979/|publisher=[[The Strong]]|title=Gunfighter Gaming: A History of the Video Game Western Part I (1971 to 1979)|date=July 3, 2024|accessdate=October 22, 2024|last=Saucier|first=Jeremy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713044228/https://www.museumofplay.org/web/20240713044228/https://www.museumofplay.org/blog/gunfighter-gaming-a-history-of-the-video-game-western-part-i-1971-to-1979/|archivedate=July 13, 2024}}</ref> When game developers went to the imaginary West to create new experiences, they often drew consciously or unconsciously from Western stories and films. The 1971 text-based, [[Mainframe computer]] game ''[[The Oregon Trail (1971 video game)|The Oregon Trail]]'' was first game to use the West as a setting, where it tasked players to lead a party of settlers moving westward in a covered wagon from Independence, Missouri to Oregon City, Oregon. The game only grew popular in the 1980s and 1990s as an educational game. The first video game Westerns to engage the mass public arrived in [[Arcade game|arcade games]] focused on the gunfighter in Westerns based on depictions in television shows, films and [[Electro-mechanical game]]s such as ''Dale Six Shooter'' (1950), and [[Sega]]'s ''Gun Fight'' (1970). The first of these games was [[Midway Games|Midway]]'s ''[[Gun Fight]]'', an adaptation of [[Taito]]'s ''Western Gun'' (1975) which featured two players against each other in a duel set on a sparse desert landscape with a few cacti and a moving covered wagon to hide behind. [[Atari, Inc.|Atari]]'s ''[[Outlaw (video game)|Outlaw]]'' (1976) followed which explicitly framed the shootouts between "good guys" and "outlaws" also borrowing from gunfighter themes and imagery.<ref name="strong-westerngames" /> Early [[Video game console|console game]]s such as ''[[Outlaw (1978 video game)|Outlaw]]'' (1978) for the [[Atari 2600]] and ''Gun Fight'' (1978) for the [[Bally Astrocade]] were derivative of Midway's ''Gun Fight''. These early video games featured limited [[video game graphics|graphical capabilities]], which had developers create Westerns to the most easily recognizable and popular tropes of the gunfighter shootouts.<ref name="strong-westerngames" /> ===Radio dramas=== Western [[radio drama]]s were very popular from the 1930s to the 1960s. There were five types of Western radio dramas during this period: anthology programs, such as ''[[Empire Builders (radio program)|Empire Builders]]'' and ''Frontier Fighters''; juvenile adventure programs such as ''[[Red Ryder (radio series)|Red Ryder]]'' and ''[[Hopalong Cassidy (radio program)|Hopalong Cassidy]]''; legend and lore like ''Red Goose Indian Tales'' and ''Cowboy Tom's Round-Up''; adult Westerns like ''[[Fort Laramie (radio)|Fort Laramie]]'' and ''[[Frontier Gentleman]]''; and soap operas such as ''Cactus Kate''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=French |first1=Jack |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfLaAQAAQBAJ |title=Radio Rides the Range: A Reference Guide to Western Drama on the Air, 1929-1967 |last2=Siegel |first2=David S. |date=2013-11-14 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-7146-1 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|page=8}} Some popular shows include ''[[Lone Ranger#Original radio series|The Lone Ranger]]'' (first broadcast in 1933), ''[[The Cisco Kid#Radio|The Cisco Kid]]'' (first broadcast in 1942), ''[[Dr. Sixgun]]'' (first broadcast in 1954), ''[[Have Gun – Will Travel#Radio show|Have Gun–Will Travel]]'' (first broadcast in 1958), and ''[[Gunsmoke#Radio series (1952–1961)|Gunsmoke]]'' (first broadcast in 1952).<ref>{{cite web |title=Old Time Radio Westerns |url=http://www.otrwesterns.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319172946/http://www.otrwesterns.com/ |archive-date=2011-03-19 |website=otrwesterns.com}}</ref> Many shows were done live, while others were transcribed.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=9–10}} ===Web series=== Westerns have been showcased in short-episodic web series. Examples include ''[[League of STEAM]]'', ''[[Red Bird (web series)|Red Bird]]'', and [[Arkansas Traveler (web series)|''Arkansas Traveler'']].
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