Editing Wandering Jew (section)

==In literature==
===17th and 18th centuries===

The legend became more popular after it appeared in a 17th-century pamphlet of four leaves, {{lang|de|Kurtze Beschreibung und Erzählung von einem Juden mit Namen Ahasverus}} (''Short Description and Tale of a Jew with the Name Ahasuerus'').{{efn|This professes to have been printed at [[Leiden]] in 1602 by an otherwise unrecorded printer "Christoff Crutzer"; the real place and printer cannot be ascertained.}} "Here we are told that some fifty years before, a bishop met him in a church at Hamburg, repentant, ill-clothed and distracted at the thought of having to move on in a few weeks."<ref name="daube 1955"/> As with [[urban legend]]s, particularities lend verisimilitude: the bishop is specifically Paulus von Eitzen, [[List of the bishops of Schleswig#Lutheran bishops and superintendents|General Superintendent of Schleswig]]. The legend spread quickly throughout Germany, no less than eight different editions appearing in 1602; altogether forty appeared in Germany before the end of the 18th century. Eight editions in Dutch and Flemish are known; and the story soon passed to France, the first French edition appearing in [[Bordeaux]], 1609, and to England, where it appeared in the form of a parody in 1625.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first1=Joseph |last1=Jacobs |first2=Lucien |last2=Wolf |encyclopedia=Bibliotheca Anglo-Judaica: A Bibliographical Guide to Anglo-Jewish History |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9781108053747 |page=44 |edition=digital facsimile |title=[221]: The Wandering Jew telling fortunes to Englishmen. 1625 |orig-date=1888|id=Jacobs and Wolf: ''Compilers''}} Reprinted in Halliwell, ''Books of Character''. London, 1857.{{fcn|reason=Is this [[James Halliwell-Phillipps]]? Not mentioned in his bibliography|{{subst:DATE}}|date=May 2023}}</ref> The pamphlet was translated also into [[Danish language|Danish]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]]; and the expression "eternal Jew" is current in [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], and German, {{lang|de|der ewige Jude}}. Apparently the pamphlets of 1602 borrowed parts of the descriptions of the wanderer from reports (most notably by [[Balthasar Russow]]) about an itinerant preacher called Jürgen.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Beyer|first=Jürgen|url=https://www.etis.ee/ShowFile.aspx?FileVID=39465|title=Jürgen und der ewige Jude. Ein lebender Heiliger wird unsterblich|journal=ARV. Nordic Yearbook of Folklore|issue=64|year=2008|pages=125–140|language=de}}</ref>{{dead URL|date=May 2023}}

In France, the Wandering Jew appeared in [[Simon Tyssot de Patot]]'s {{lang|fr|La Vie, les Aventures et le Voyage de Groenland du Révérend Père Cordelier Pierre de Mésange}} (1720).

In Britain, a ballad with the title ''The Wandering Jew'' was included in [[Thomas Percy (Bishop of Dromore)|Thomas Percy]]'s ''[[Reliques of Ancient English Poetry|Reliques]]'' published in 1765.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/reliquesancient00dodsgoog#page/n309/mode/2up ''Reliques of ancient English poetry: consisting of old heroic ballads, songs and other pieces of our earlier poets, (chiefly of the lyric kind.) Together with some few of later date''], 3rd ed. (Volume 3). pp. 295−301, 128 lines of verse, with prose introduction</ref>

In England, the Wandering Jew makes an appearance in one of the secondary plots in [[Matthew Lewis (writer)|Matthew Lewis]]'s Gothic novel ''[[The Monk]]'' (1796). The Wandering Jew is depicted as an exorcist whose origin remains unclear. The Wandering Jew also plays a role in ''[[St. Leon (novel)|St. Leon]]'' (1799) by [[William Godwin]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Wallace Austin Flanders|title=Godwin and Gothicism: St. Leon|journal=Texas Studies in Literature and Language|volume=8|issue=4|date=Winter 1967|pages=533–545}}</ref> The Wandering Jew also appears in two English [[broadside ballad]]s of the 17th and 18th centuries, ''[[The Wandering Jew (ballad)|The Wandering Jew]]'', and ''[[The Wandering Jew's Chronicle]]''. The former recounts the biblical story of the Wandering Jew's encounter with Christ, while the latter tells, from the point of view of the titular character, the succession of English monarchs from William the Conqueror through either King Charles II (in the 17th-century text) or King George II and Queen Caroline (in the 18th-century version).<ref>{{cite web |publisher=English Broadside Ballad Archive |title=The Wandering Jew |url=http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ballad/33903/album |access-date=10 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=English Broadside Ballad Archive |title=The Wandering Jew's Chronicle |url=http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ballad/31447/album |access-date=10 September 2014 }}</ref>

In 1797, the operetta ''The Wandering Jew, or Love's Masquerade'' by [[Andrew Franklin]] was performed in London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ricorso.net/rx/az-data/authors/f/Franklin_A/life.htm|title=Andrew Franklin|website=Ricorso}}</ref>

===19th century===
====Britain====

In 1810, [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]] wrote a poem in four cantos with the title ''The Wandering Jew'' but it remained unpublished until 1877.<ref>Percy Bysshe Shelley (1877) [posthumous, written 1810]. ''The Wandering Jew''. London: Shelley Society, Reeves and Turner.</ref> In two other works of Shelley, Ahasuerus appears, as a phantom in his first major poem ''[[Queen Mab (poem)|Queen Mab: A Philosophical Poem]]'' (1813) and later as a hermit healer in his last major work, the verse drama ''[[Hellas (poem)|Hellas]]''.<ref>Tamara Tinker (2010), ''The Impiety of Ahasuerus: Percy Shelley's Wandering Jew'', revised ed.</ref>

[[John Galt (novelist)|John Galt]] published a book in 1820 called ''The Wandering Jew''.

[[File:The Wandering Jew.jpg|thumb|"The Wandering Jew", 1898 illustration by [[E. J. Sullivan]] for ''Sartor Resartus'']]
[[Thomas Carlyle]], in his ''[[Sartor Resartus]]'' (1833–34), compares its hero Diogenes Teufelsdröckh on several occasions to the Wandering Jew (also using the German wording {{lang|de|der Ewige Jude}}).

In Chapter 15 of ''[[Great Expectations]]'' (1861) by [[Charles Dickens]], the journeyman Orlick is compared to the Wandering Jew.

[[George MacDonald]] includes pieces of the legend in ''Thomas Wingfold, Curate'' (London, 1876).

====United States====

[[Nathaniel Hawthorne]]'s stories "A Virtuoso's Collection" and "Ethan Brand" feature the Wandering Jew serving as a guide to the stories' characters.<ref name="bs">[[Brian Stableford]], "Introduction" to ''Tales of the Wandering Jew'' edited by Stableford. Dedalus, Sawtry, 1991. {{ISBN|0-946626-71-5}}. pp. 1–25.</ref>

In 1873, a publisher in the United States (Philadelphia, Gebbie) produced ''The Legend of the Wandering Jew, a series of twelve designs by [[Gustave Doré]] (Reproduced by Photographic Printing) with Explanatory Introduction'', originally made by Doré in 1856 to illustrate a short poem by [[Pierre-Jean de Béranger]]. For each one, there was a couplet, such as "Too late he feels, by look, and deed, and word, / How often he has crucified his Lord".{{efn|name="Cassell"}}

[[Eugene Field]]'s short story "The Holy Cross" (1899) features the Jew as a character.<ref name="bs" />

In 1901, a New York publisher reprinted, under the title "Tarry Thou Till I Come", [[George Croly]]'s "Salathiel", which treated the subject in an imaginative form. It had appeared anonymously in 1828.

In [[Lew Wallace]]'s novel ''The Prince of India'' (1893), the Wandering Jew is the protagonist. The book follows his adventures through the ages, as he takes part in the shaping of history.{{efn|William Russo's 1999 novella ''Mal Tempo'' details Wallace's research and real-life attempt to find the mythical character for his novel. Russo also wrote a sequel, entitled ''Mal Tempo & Friends'' in 2001.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Russo |first1=William |title=Mal Tempo: From the Lost Papers of Lew Wallace |date=1999 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |isbn=978-1470029449|id=(Novel)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Russo |first1=William |title=Mal Tempo & Friends |date=2001 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |isbn=978-1470091880}}</ref>}} An American rabbi, [[H. M. Bien]], turned the character into the "Wandering Gentile" in his novel ''Ben-Beor: A Tale of the Anti-Messiah''; in the same year [[John L. McKeever]] wrote a novel, ''The Wandering Jew: A Tale of the Lost Tribes of Israel''.<ref name="bs" />

A humorous account of the Wandering Jew appears in chapter 54 of [[Mark Twain]]'s 1869 [[travel literature|travel book]] ''[[The Innocents Abroad]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Mark Twain |title=The Innocents Abroad |chapter=Chapter 54 |chapter-url=https://genius.com/Mark-twain-the-innocents-abroad-chap-54-annotated |access-date=2015-09-12 }}</ref>

====Germany====

The legend has been the subject of German [[poem]]s by [[Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart]], {{ill|Aloys Schreiber|de}}, [[Wilhelm Müller]], [[Nikolaus Lenau]], [[Adelbert von Chamisso]], [[August Wilhelm von Schlegel]], [[Julius Mosen]] (an epic, 1838), and Ludwig Köhler;{{which?|reason=several people of this name in this era have articles on German Wikipedia|date=May 2023}} of [[novel]]s by [[Franz Horn]] (1818), {{ill|Oeklers|de}},{{who?|reason=[[:de:Theodor Oelckers]]? Note the typo if so|date=May 2023}} and [[Levin Schücking]]; and of [[tragedy|tragedies]] by [[Ernst August Friedrich Klingemann]] ("{{lang|de|Ahasuerus}}", 1827) and [[Joseph Christian Freiherr von Zedlitz]] (1844). It is either the Ahasuerus of Klingemann or that of [[Achim von Arnim]] in his play, ''{{ill|Halle and Jerusalem|de|Halle und Jerusalem}}'', to whom [[Richard Wagner]] refers in the final passage of his notorious essay {{lang|de|[[Das Judenthum in der Musik]]}}.

There are clear echoes of the Wandering Jew in Wagner's ''[[The Flying Dutchman (opera)|The Flying Dutchman]]'', whose plot line is adapted from a story by [[Heinrich Heine]] in which the Dutchman is referred to as "the Wandering Jew of the ocean",<ref>Heinrich Heine, {{lang|de|Aus den Memoiren des Herren von Schnabelewopski}}, 1834. See Barry Millington, ''The Wagner Compendium'', London (1992), p. 277</ref> and his final opera {{lang|de|[[Parsifal]]}} features a woman called Kundry who is in some ways a female version of the Wandering Jew. It is alleged that she was formerly [[Herodias]], and she admits that she laughed at Jesus on his route to the Crucifixion, and is now condemned to wander until she meets with him again (cf. Eugene Sue's version, below).

[[Robert Hamerling]], in his {{lang|de|Ahasver in Rom}} (Vienna, 1866), identifies [[Nero]] with the Wandering Jew. [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] had designed a poem on the subject, the plot of which he sketched in his {{lang|de|[[Dichtung und Wahrheit]]}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goethe |first1=Johann Wolfgang von |translator-last=Morrison |translator-first=A. J. W. |title=The autobiography of Goethe: Truth and poetry, from my own life |date=1881 |publisher=George Bell |location=London |pages=35−37 |chapter=Fifteenth Book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg02goet/page/34/mode/2up |volume=II: Books XIV-XX|id=[Translated from the German]}}</ref><ref>P. Hume Brown,  [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19753/19753-h/19753-h.htm ''The Youth of Goethe''] (London, 1913). Chapter XI, "Goethe and Spinoza—Der ewige Jude 1773–1774"</ref>

====Denmark====

[[Hans Christian Andersen]] made his "Ahasuerus" the Angel of Doubt, and was imitated by [[Seligmann Heller|Heller]] in a poem on "The Wandering of Ahasuerus", which he afterward developed into three cantos. [[Martin Andersen Nexø]] wrote a short story named "The Eternal Jew", in which he also refers to Ahasuerus as the spreading of the Jewish gene pool in Europe.

The story of the Wandering Jew is the basis of the essay "The Unhappiest One" in [[Søren Kierkegaard]]'s ''[[Either/Or (Kierkegaard book)|Either/Or]]'' (published 1843 in [[Copenhagen]]). It is also discussed in an early portion of the book that focuses on [[Mozart]]'s opera ''[[Don Giovanni]]''.

In the play {{lang|da|Genboerne}} (''The Residents'') by [[Jens Christian Hostrup]] (1844), the Wandering Jew is a character (in this context called "Jerusalem's shoemaker") and his shoes make the wearer invisible. The protagonist of the play borrows the shoes for a night and visits the house across the street as an invisible man.

====France====

{{Wikisourcelang|fr|Isaac Laquedem|Isaac Laquedem}}
The French writer [[Edgar Quinet]] published his prose epic on the legend in 1833, making the subject the judgment of the world; and {{lang|fr|italic=no|[[Eugène Sue]]}} wrote his {{lang|fr|[[Le Juif errant|Juif errant]]}} in 1844, in which the author connects the story of Ahasuerus with that of [[Herodias]]. Grenier's 1857 poem on the subject may have been inspired by {{lang|fr|italic=no|[[Gustave Doré]]}}'s designs, which were published the preceding year. One should also note {{lang|fr|italic=no|[[Paul Féval, père]]}}'s {{lang|fr|La Fille du Juif Errant}} (1864), which combines several fictional Wandering Jews, both heroic and evil, and [[Alexandre Dumas, père|Alexandre Dumas]]' incomplete {{lang|fr|Isaac Laquedem}} (1853), a sprawling historical saga. In Guy de Maupassant's short story "Uncle Judas", the local people believe that the old man in the story is the Wandering Jew.

In the late 1830's, the epic novel "The Wandering Jew," written by Eugene Sue was published in serialized form.

====Russia====

In Russia, the legend of the Wandering Jew appears in an incomplete epic poem by [[Vasily Zhukovsky]], "Ahasuerus" (1857) and in another epic poem by [[Wilhelm Küchelbecker]], "Ahasuerus, a Poem in Fragments", written between 1832 and 1846 but not published until 1878, long after the poet's death. [[Alexander Pushkin]] also began a long poem on Ahasuerus (1826) but later abandoned the project, completing fewer than thirty lines.

====Other literature====

The Wandering Jew makes a notable appearance in the [[gothic novel|gothic]] masterpiece of the [[Polish language|Polish]] writer [[Jan Potocki]], ''[[The Manuscript Found in Saragossa]]'', written about 1797.<ref name="bs" />

Brazilian writer and poet [[Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis|Machado de Assis]] often used Jewish themes in his writings. One of his short stories, {{lang|pt|Viver!}} ("To Live!"), is a dialog between the Wandering Jew (named as Ahasverus) and [[Prometheus]] at the end of time. It was published in 1896 as part of the book {{lang|pt|Várias histórias}} (''Several stories'').

[[Castro Alves]], another Brazilian poet, wrote a poem named "{{lang|pt|italic=no|Ahasverus e o gênio}}" ("Ahasverus and the genie"), in a reference to the Wandering Jew.

The [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] poet [[János Arany]] also wrote a ballad called {{lang|hu|italic=no|"Az örök zsidó"}} ("The Eternal Jew").

The [[Slovenian people|Slovenian]] poet [[Anton Aškerc]] wrote a poem called {{lang|sl|italic=no|"Ahasverjev tempelj"}} ("Ahasverus' Temple").

The Spanish military writer José Gómez de Arteche's novel {{lang|es|Un soldado español de veinte siglos}} (''A Spanish soldier of twenty centuries'') (1874–1886) depicts the Wandering Jew as serving in the Spanish military of different periods.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.realsociedadgeografica.com/es/pdf/militaresymarinos.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922051912/http://www.realsociedadgeografica.com/es/pdf/militaresymarinos.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-22 |url-status=live|first=José María Gárate |last=Córdoba |chapter=José Gómez de Arteche y Moro (1821–1906) |title=Militares y marinos en la Real Sociedad Geográfica |year=2006 |pages=79–102}}</ref>

===20th century===
====Latin America====
In Mexican writer [[Mariano Azuela]]'s 1920 novel set during the [[Mexican Revolution]], ''[[The Underdogs (novel)|The Underdogs]]'' ({{langx|es|Los de abajo}}), the character Venancio, a semi-educated barber, entertains the band of revolutionaries by recounting episodes from ''The Wandering Jew'', one of two books he had read.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Underdogs|last=Azuela|first=Mariano|publisher=Penguin|year=2008 |orig-year=1915|location=New York|pages=15, 34}}</ref>

In Argentina, the topic of the Wandering Jew has appeared several times in the work of [[Enrique Anderson Imbert]], particularly in his short-story {{lang|es|El Grimorio}} (''The Grimoire''), included in the eponymous book.

Chapter XXXVII, {{lang|es|italic=no|"El Vagamundo"}}, in the collection of short stories, {{lang|es|[[Misteriosa Buenos Aires]]}}, by the Argentine writer [[Manuel Mujica Láinez]] also centres round the wandering of the Jew.

The Argentine writer [[Jorge Luis Borges]] named the main character and narrator of his short story "The Immortal" Joseph Cartaphilus (in the story he was a Roman military tribune who gained immortality after drinking from a magical river and dies in the 1920s).

In ''[[Green Mansions]]'', [[W. H. Hudson]]'s [[protagonist]] Abel references [[Ahasuerus]], as an archetype of someone, like himself, who prays for redemption and peace, while condemned to walk the earth.

In 1967, the Wandering Jew appears as an unexplained magical realist townfolk legend in [[Gabriel García Márquez]]'s ''[[One Hundred Years of Solitude]]''. In his short story, “One Day After Saturday,” the character Father Anthony Isabel claims to encounter the Wandering Jew again in the mythical town of Macondo.

Colombian writer Prospero Morales Pradilla, in his novel {{lang|es|Los pecados de Inés de Hinojosa}} (''The sins of Ines de Hinojosa''), describes the famous Wandering Jew of Tunja that has been there since the 16th century. He talks about the wooden statue of the Wandering Jew that is in Santo Domingo church and every year during the holy week is carried around on the shoulders of the Easter penitents around the city. The main feature of the statue are his eyes; they can express the hatred and anger in front of Jesus carrying the cross.

====Brazil====

In 1970, Polish-Brazilian writer [[Samuel Rawet]] published {{lang|pt|italic=no|"Viagens de Ahasverus à Terra Alheia em Busca de um Passado que não existe porque é Futuro e de um Futuro que já passou porque sonhado"}} ("Travels of Ahasverus to foreign lands in search of a past that does not exist because it is a future and a future that has already passed because it was dreamed"), a short story in which the main character, [[Ahasverus]], or The Wandering Jew, is capable of transforming into various other figures.

====France====

[[Guillaume Apollinaire]] parodies the character in {{lang|fr|italic=no|"Le Passant de Prague"}} in his
collection {{lang|fr|L'Hérésiarque et Cie}} (''Heresiarch & Co.'', 1910).<ref>Guillaume Apollinaire, [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/22356/22356-h/22356-h.htm#t1 ''L'Hérésiarque & Cie'']</ref>

[[Jean d'Ormesson]] wow {{lang|fr|Histoire du juif errant}} in (1991).<!--which is what? a novel? non-fiction writing about the legend?-->

In [[Simone de Beauvoir]]'s novel {{lang|fr|Tous les Hommes sont Mortels}} (''All Men are Mortal'', 1946), the leading figure Raymond Fosca undergoes a fate similar to the wandering Jew, who is explicitly mentioned as a reference.

====Germany====

In both [[Gustav Meyrink]]'s ''The Green Face'' (1916) and [[Leo Perutz]]'s ''The Marquis of Bolibar'' (1920), the Wandering Jew features as a central character.<ref>[[Franz Rottensteiner]], "Afterword" in Meyrinck, Gustav, ''The Green Face'', translated by Mike Mitchell. Sawtry: Dedalus/Ariadne, 1992, pp.218–224. {{ISBN|0-946626-92-8}}</ref>
The German writer [[Stefan Heym]] in his novel {{lang|de|Ahasver}} (translated into English as ''The Wandering Jew'')<ref>{{cite book |last1=Heym |first1=Stefan |title=The Wandering Jew |date=1999 |orig-date=first published 1983 as ''Ahasver''  |publisher=Northwestern University Press |location=Evanston, Illinois |isbn=978-0-8101-1706-8}}</ref> maps a story of Ahasuerus and [[Lucifer]] ranging between ancient times, the Germany of [[Martin Luther|Luther]] and socialist [[East Germany]]. In Heym's depiction, the Wandering Jew is a highly sympathetic character.

====Belgium====

The Belgian writer [[August Vermeylen]] published in 1906 a novel called {{lang|nl|De wandelende Jood}} (''The Wandering Jew'').

====Romania====

[[Mihai Eminescu]], an influential [[Romanian people|Romanian]] Romantic writer, depicts a variation in his 1872 fantasy novella [[Poor Dionis|Poor Dionysus]] ({{Langx|ro|Sărmanul Dionis}}). A student named Dionis goes on a surreal journey through the book of [[Zoroaster]], which seemingly grants him godlike abilities. The book is given to him by Ruben, his Jewish master who is a [[philosopher]]. Dionis awakens as Friar Dan, and is eventually tricked by Ruben, being sentenced by God to a life of insanity. This he can only escape by [[resurrection]] or [[metempsychosis]].

Similarly, [[Mircea Eliade]] presents in his [[Bibliography of Mircea Eliade|novel]] ''Dayan'' (1979) a student's mystic and fantastic journey through time and space under the guidance of the Wandering Jew, in the search of a higher truth and of his own self.

====Russia====

The Soviet [[satire|satirists]] [[Ilya Ilf]] and [[Yevgeni Petrov (writer)|Yevgeni Petrov]] had their hero [[Ostap Bender]] tell the story of the Wandering Jew's death at the hands of Ukrainian nationalists in ''[[The Little Golden Calf]]''. In [[Vsevolod Ivanov]]'s story ''Ahasver'' a strange man comes to a Soviet writer in [[Moscow]] in 1944, introduces himself as "Ahasver the cosmopolite" and claims he is Paul von Eitzen, a theologian from [[Hamburg]], who concocted the legend of the Wandering Jew in the 16th century to become rich and famous but then turned himself into a real Ahasver against his will. The novel ''Overburdened with Evil'' (1988) by [[Arkady and Boris Strugatsky]] involves a character in modern setting who turns out to be Ahasuerus, identified at the same time in a subplot with [[John of Patmos|John the Divine]]. In the novel ''Going to the Light'' ({{lang|ru|Идущий к свету}}, 1998) by Sergey Golosovsky, Ahasuerus turns out to be [[Apostle Paul]], punished (together with [[Moses]] and [[Mohammed]]) for inventing false religion.

====South Korea====

The 1979 Korean novel ''Son of Man'' by [[Yi Mun-yol]] (introduced and translated into English by Brother Anthony, 2015), is framed within a detective story. It describes the character of Ahasuerus as a defender of humanity against unreasonable laws of the Jewish god, Yahweh. This leads to his confrontations with Jesus and withholding of aid to Jesus on the way to Calvary. The unpublished manuscript of the novel was written by a disillusioned theology student, Min Yoseop, who has been murdered. The text of the manuscript provides clues to solving the murder. There are strong parallels between Min Yoseop and Ahasuerus, both of whom are consumed by their philosophical ideals.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yi |first1=Mun-yŏl |title=Son of man: A novel |date=2015 |publisher=Dalkey Archive Press |location=Victoria, Texas |isbn=978-1628971194 |edition=1st}}</ref>

====Sweden====

In [[Pär Lagerkvist]]'s 1956 novel ''The Sibyl'', Ahasuerus and a woman who was once the [[Delphic Sibyl]] each tell their stories, describing how an interaction with the divine damaged their lives. Lagerkvist continued the story of Ahasuerus in {{lang|sv|Ahasverus död}} (''The Death of Ahasuerus'', 1960).

====Ukraine====
In Ukrainian legend, there is a character of Marko Pekelnyi (Marko of Hell, Marko the Infernal) or Marko the Accursed. This character is based on the archetype of the Wandering Jew. The origin of Marko's image is also rooted in the legend of the traitor Mark, who struck Christ with an iron glove before his death on the cross, for which God punished him by forcing him to eternally walk underground around a pillar, not stopping even for a minute; he bangs his head against a pillar from time to time, disturbs even hell and its master with these sounds and complains that he cannot die. Another explanation for Mark's curse is that he fell in love with his own sister, then killed her along with his mother, for which he was punished by God.

Ukrainian authors [[Oleksa Storozhenko]], [[Lina Kostenko]], [[Ivan Malkovych]] and others have written prose and poetry about Marko the Infernal. Also, [[Les Kurbas Theatre]] made a stage performance "Marko the Infernal, or the Easter Legend" based on the poetry of [[Vasyl Stus]].

====United Kingdom====

[[Bernard Capes]]' story "The Accursed Cordonnier" (1900) depicts the Wandering Jew as a figure of menace.<ref name="bs" />

[[Robert Nichols (poet)|Robert Nichols']] novella "Golgotha & Co." in his collection ''Fantastica'' (1923) is a satirical tale where the Wandering Jew is a successful businessman who subverts the [[Second Coming]].<ref name="bs" />

In [[Evelyn Waugh]]'s ''Helena'', the Wandering Jew appears in a dream to the protagonist and shows her where to look for the Cross, the goal of her quest.

[[J. G. Ballard]]'s short story "The Lost Leonardo", published in ''[[The Terminal Beach]]'' (1964), centres on a search for the Wandering Jew. The Wandering Jew is revealed to be Judas Ischariot, who is so obsessed with all known depictions of the crucifixion that he travels all around the world to steal them from collectors and museums, replacing them with forged duplicates. The story's first German translation, published the same year as the English original, translates the story's title as ''Wanderer durch Zeit und Raum'' ("Wanderer through Time and Space"), directly referencing the concept of the "eternally Wandering" Jew.

The horror novel ''Devil Daddy'' (1972) by [[John Blackburn (author)|John Blackburn]] features the Wandering Jew.<ref>Alan Warren, "The Curse", in S. T. Joshi, ed., ''Icons of Horror and the Supernatural: an Encyclopedia of our Worst Nightmares'' (Greenwood, 2007), (op. 129-160) {{ISBN|0-31333-781-0}}</ref>

The Wandering Jew appears as a sympathetic character in [[Diana Wynne Jones]]'s young adult novel ''[[The Homeward Bounders]]'' (1981). His fate is tied in with larger plot themes regarding destiny, disobedience, and punishment.

In [[Ian McDonald (British author)|Ian McDonald]]'s 1991 story ''Fragments of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria'' (originally published in ''Tales of the Wandering Jew'', ed. [[Brian Stableford]]), the Wandering Jew first violates and traumatizes a little girl during the [[Edwardian era]], where her violation is denied and explained away by [[Sigmund Freud]] analyzing her and coming to the erroneous conclusion that her signs of abuse are actually due to a case of hysteria or prudishness. A quarter of a century later, the Wandering Jew takes on the guise of a gentile [[éminence grise]] who works out the genocidal ideology and bureaucracy of the [[Holocaust]] and secretly incites the Germans into carrying it out according to his plans. In a meeting with one of the victims where he's gloatingly telling her that she and millions of others will die, he reveals that he [[Self-hating Jew|did it out of self-hatred]].

====United States====

<!--Please read and contribute to the talk page discussion before adding references to: The Phantom Stranger, Keel Lorenz, Lazarus Long, Nathan Brazil, Hob Gadling (Sandman) or any other character that isn't explicitly named by the author as the Wandering Jew.-->

In [[O. Henry]]'s 1911 story "The Door of Unrest", a drunk shoemaker Mike O'Bader comes to a local newspaper editor and claims to be the Jerusalem shoemaker Michob Ader who did not let Christ rest upon his doorstep on the way to crucifixion and was condemned to live until the Second Coming. However, Mike O'Bader insists he is a [[Gentile]], not a Jew.

"The Wandering Jew" is the title of a short poem by [[Edwin Arlington Robinson]] which appears in his 1920 book ''The Three Taverns''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/threetavernsbook00robiuoft|title=The three taverns; a book of poems|first=Edwin Arlington|last=Robinson|date=1 January 1920|publisher=New York Macmillan Co|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> In the poem, the speaker encounters a mysterious figure with eyes that "remembered everything". He recognizes him from "his image when I was a child" and finds him to be bitter, with "a ringing wealth of old anathemas"; a man for whom the "world around him was a gift of anguish". The speaker does not know what became of him, but believes that "somewhere among men to-day / Those old, unyielding eyes may flash / And flinch—and look the other way."

[[George Sylvester Viereck]] and [[Paul Eldridge]] wrote a trilogy of novels ''My First Two Thousand Years: an Autobiography of the Wandering Jew'' (1928), in which Isaac Laquedem is a Roman soldier who, after being told by Jesus that he will "tarry until I return", goes on to influence many of the great events of history. He frequently encounters Solome (described as "The Wandering Jewess"), and travels with a companion, to whom he has passed on his immortality via a blood transfusion (another attempt to do this for a woman he loved ended in her death).

"Ahasver", a cult leader identified with the Wandering Jew, is a central figure in [[Anthony Boucher]]'s classic mystery novel ''Nine Times Nine'' (originally published 1940 under the name H. Holmes).

Written by Isaac Asimov in October 1956, the short story "[[Does a Bee Care?]]" features a highly influential character named Kane who is stated to have spawned the legends of the Walking Jew and the Flying Dutchman in his thousands of years maturing on Earth, guiding humanity toward the creation of technology which would allow it to return to its far-distant home in another solar system. The story originally appeared in the June 1957 edition of [[If (magazine)|''If: Worlds of Science Fiction'']] magazine and is collected in the anthology ''Buy Jupiter and Other Stories'' (Isaac Asimov, Doubleday Science Fiction, 1975).

A Jewish Wanderer appears in ''[[A Canticle for Leibowitz]]'', a [[post-apocalyptic]] [[science fiction]] novel by [[Walter M. Miller, Jr.]] first published in 1960; some children are heard saying of the old man, "What Jesus raises up STAYS raised up", and introduces himself in Hebrew as Lazarus, implying that he is [[Lazarus of Bethany]], whom Christ raised from the dead. Another possibility hinted at in the novel is that this character is also Isaac Edward Leibowitz, founder of the (fictional) Albertian Order of St. Leibowitz (and who was martyred for trying to preserve books from burning by a savage mob). The character speaks and writes in Hebrew and English, and wanders around the desert, though he has a tent on a [[mesa]] overlooking the abbey founded by Leibowitz, which is the setting for almost all the novel's action. The character appears again in three subsequent novellas which take place hundreds of years apart, and in Miller's 1997 follow-up novel, ''[[Saint Leibowitz and the Wild Horse Woman]]''.

Ahasuerus must remain on Earth after space travel is developed in [[Lester del Rey]]'s "Earthbound" (1963).<ref name="delrey196308">{{Cite magazine |last=del Rey |first=Lester |date=August 1963 |title=Earthbound |url=https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v21n06_1963-08#page/n22/mode/1up |magazine=Galaxy Science Fiction |pages=44–45}}</ref> The Wandering Jew also appears in [[Mary Elizabeth Counselman]]'s story "A Handful of Silver" (1967).<ref>Mary Elizabeth Counselman, William Kimber (1980). "A Handful of Silver". In ''Half In Shadow'', pp. 205–212.</ref> [[Barry Sadler]] has written a series of books featuring a character called [[Casca (series)|Casca Rufio Longinus]] who is a combination of two characters from Christian folklore, [[Saint Longinus]] and the Wandering Jew. [[Jack L. Chalker]] wrote a five-book series called ''The [[Well World]] Saga'' in which it is mentioned many times that the creator of the universe, a man named Nathan Brazil, is known as the Wandering Jew. The 10th issue of [[DC Comics]]' ''[[Secret Origins]]'' (January 1987) gave [[Phantom Stranger|The Phantom Stranger]] four possible origins. In one of these explanations, the Stranger confirms to a priest that he is the Wandering Jew.<ref>{{Cite comic |Writer=[[Mike W. Barr|Barr, Mike W.]] |Penciller=[[Jim Aparo|Aparo, Jim]] |Inker=[[Tom Ziuko|Ziuko, Tom]] |Story=The Phantom Stranger |Title=Secret Origins |Volume=2 |Issue=10 |Date=January 1987 |Publisher=[[DC Comics]] |Page=2–10 }}</ref> [[Angela Hunt]]'s novel ''The Immortal'' (2000) features the Wandering Jew under the name of Asher Genzano.

Although he does not appear in [[Robert A. Heinlein]]'s novel ''[[Time Enough for Love]]'' (1973), the central character, [[Lazarus Long]], claims to have encountered the Wandering Jew at least once, possibly multiple times, over the course of his long life. According to Lazarus, he was then using the name Sandy Macdougal and was operating as a [[confidence trick|con man]]. He is described as having red hair and being, in Lazarus' words, a "crashing bore".

The Wandering Jew is revealed to be [[Judas Iscariot]] in [[George R. R. Martin]]'s distant-future science fiction parable of [[Christianity]], the 1979 short story "[[The Way of Cross and Dragon]]".

In the first two novels of science fiction author [[Dan Simmons]]' ''[[Hyperion Cantos]]'' (1989-1997), a central character is referred to as the Wandering Jew as he roams the galaxy in search of a cure for his daughter's illness. In his later novel ''[[Ilium (novel)|Ilium]]'' (2003), a woman who is addressed as the Wandering Jew also plays a pivotal role, acting as witness and last remaining Jew during a period where all other Jewish people have been locked away.

The Wandering Jew encounters a returned Christ in [[Deborah Grabien]]'s 1990 novel ''Plainsong''.<ref>Chris Gilmore, "Grabien, Deborah" in ''St. James Guide To Fantasy Writers'', edited by David Pringle. St. James Press, 1996. {{ISBN|1-55862-205-5}}. pp. 238–39.</ref>

===21st century===
====Brazil====

Brazilian writer Glauco Ortolano in his 2000 novel {{lang|pt|Domingos Vera Cruz: Memorias de um Antropofago Lisboense no Brasil}} uses the theme of the Wandering Jew for its main character, Domingos Vera Cruz, who flees to Brazil in one of the first Portuguese expeditions to the New World after murdering his wife's lover in Portugal. In order to avoid eternal damnation, he must fully repent of his crime. The book of memoirs Domingos dictates in the 21st century to an anonymous transcriber narrates his own saga throughout 500 years of Brazilian history. At the end, Domingos indicates he is finally giving in as he senses the arrival of the Son of Man.

====Ireland====
Local history and legends have made reference to ''The Wandering Jew'' having haunted an abandoned watermill on the edge of [[Dunleer]] town.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Murphy |first1=Hubert |title=Town's religious history proves a fascinating read |url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/droghedaindependent/news/towns-religious-history-proves-a-fascinating-read-29788257.html |work=Drogheda Independent |date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808211014/https://www.independent.ie/regionals/droghedaindependent/news/towns-religious-history-proves-a-fascinating-read-29788257.html |archive-date=8 August 2022}}</ref>

====United Kingdom====

English writer Stephen Gallagher uses the Wandering Jew as a theme in his 2007 novel ''The Kingdom of Bones''. The Wandering Jew is a character, a theater manager and actor, who turned away from God and toward depravity in exchange for long life and prosperity. He must find another person to take on the persona of the wanderer before his life ends or risk eternal damnation. He eventually does find a substitute in his protégé, Louise. The novel revolves around another character's quest to find her and save her from her assumed damnation.

Sarah Perry's 2018 novel ''Melmoth'' is part-inspired by the Wandering Jew and makes several references to the legend in discussing the origin of its titular character.

J. G. Ballard's short story "The Lost Leonardo" features the Wandering Jew as a mysterious art thief.

====United States====

* In [[Glen Berger]]'s play ''[[Underneath the Lintel]]'', the main character suspects a 113-year overdue library book was checked out and returned by the Wandering Jew.
* The Wandering Jew appears in "An Arkham Halloween" in the October 30, 2017, issue of ''Bewildering Stories'', as a volunteer to help [[Miskatonic University]] prepare a new translation of the [[Necronomicon]], particularly qualified because he knew the author.
*The Wandering Jew appears in Angela Hunt’s inspirational novel ''The Immortal'' (2000) and is named Asher Genzano.
*Kenneth Johnson's novel ''The Man of Legend'' is a retelling of the story of the Wandering Jew, who is in fact a Roman soldier and head of Pilate's personal guard.

====Uzbekistan====

Uzbek writer Isajon Sulton published his novel ''The Wandering Jew'' in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://old.ut.uz/eng/kaleidoscope/triumph_of_the_uszbek_author.mgr |title=Uzbekistan Today |access-date=29 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903062822/http://old.ut.uz/eng/kaleidoscope/triumph_of_the_uszbek_author.mgr |archive-date=3 September 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In this novel, the Jew does not characterize a symbol of curse; however, they appear as a human being, who is aware of God's presence, after being cursed by Him. Moreover, the novel captures the fortune of present-day wandering Jews, created by humans using high technology.