Editing Walden Two (section)

==Real-world efforts==
Many efforts to create a Walden Two in real life are detailed in Hilke Kuhlmann's ''Living Walden Two''<ref>Kuhlmann, Hilke (2005). ''Living Walden Two.'' [[University of Illinois Press]]. {{ISBN|0-252-02962-3}}.</ref> and in Daniel W. Bjork's ''B.F. Skinner''.<ref>{{cite book |title=B.F. Skinner: A Life |first=Daniel W. |last=Bjork |publisher=[[American Psychological Association]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-55798-416-6 }}</ref>

Some of these efforts include:

* 1953: In [[Lincoln, Massachusetts]], a group of families from the [[MIT]] community, led by Ranulf (Rany) Gras and his wife Ann and inspired by Skinner's book, formed a corporation and built 23 homes on a {{convert|40|acre|adj=on}} lot in what became known as the Brown's Wood neighborhood.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fomalincoln.org/outreach/events/house-tours-past-and-present/2-uncategorised/117-brown-s-wood-history |title=Brown's Wood History |website=www.fomalincoln.org |access-date=January 2, 2020}}</ref> 
* 1955: In [[New Haven, Connecticut]], a group led by Arthur Gladstone tried to start a community.
* 1966: The Waldenwoods conference was held in [[Hartland, Michigan]], comprising 83 adults and 4 children, coordinated through the Breiland list (a list of interested people who wrote to Skinner and were referred to Jim Breiland).
* 1966: [[Matthew Israel]] formed the Association for Social Design (ASD), to promote a Walden Two,<ref>[http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1968/3/9/new-walden-ii-will-open-in/ "New Walden II Will Open in Fall"]. ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]'', March 9, 1968. Retrieved August 25, 2012.</ref> which soon found chapters in Los Angeles, [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]], and Washington, D.C.
* 1967: Matthew Israel founded the Morningside House in [[Arlington, Massachusetts]].<ref>Gonnerman, Jennifer (August 20, 2007). [https://archive.today/20130129035715/http://www.motherjones.com/print/16437 "Matthew Israel Interviewed by Jennifer Gonnerman"]. ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)]]''. Retrieved August 25, 2012.</ref> When it failed, he tried a second time.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 June 2008|title=The Shocking Truth|url=https://www.bostonmagazine.com/2008/06/17/the-shocking-truth/|access-date=28 July 2020|website=Boston Magazine}}</ref> Israel later went on to found the [[Judge Rotenberg Center]], which has been condemned by the United Nations for the [[torture]] of children with disabilities.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pilkington|first1=Ed|date=5 March 2020|title=US bans shock 'treatment' on children with special needs at Boston-area school|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/mar/05/us-bans-electric-shock-treatment-children-boston-area|access-date=28 July 2020|website=The Guardian}}</ref>
* 1967: The [[Twin Oaks Community]] was started in [[Louisa County, Virginia]].
* 1969: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070814024440/http://www.absc.ku.edu/faculty/miller.shtml Keith Miller] in [[Lawrence, Kansas]], founded a [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1311941/ 'Walden house']<ref>Feallock, R. and Miller, L. K. (1976). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1311941/pdf/jaba00053-0043.pdf "The design and evaluation of a worksharing system for experimental group living"]. ''[[Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis]],'' '''9'''(3), pp. 277–288.</ref> student collective that became the Sunflower House 11.
* 1970: [[Walden 7]], a 1,000-inhabitant community west of [[Barcelona]] (Spain), was created as a social and architectural experiment based on ''Walden Two'', living in a building designed by [[Catalans|Catalan]] architect Ricardo Bofill.
* 1971: Roger Ulrich started "an experimental community named Lake Village in [[Kalamazoo, Michigan]]."<ref>Ulrich, Roger E. (1973). [http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED107548&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accno&accno=ED107548 ''Toward Experimental Living'']. Available on microfiche at [[Western Michigan University]], Kalamazoo, Michigan.</ref><ref>Bonfiglio, Olga (July 3, 2011). [http://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf/2011/07/lake_village_cooperative_to_ce.html "Lake Village Homestead Farm celebrates its 40th year in operation"]. ''[[Kalamazoo Gazette]].'' MLive Media Group. Retrieved August 26, 2012.</ref>
* 1971: [[Los Horcones]] was started in [[Hermosillo]], Mexico.
* 1971:  Mary Louise Strum and David Nord started an experimental Jewish faith-based commune named "Jubilee Community" in [[Westphalia, Texas]], based on Skinner's Walden Two utopian ideals.
* 1972: Sunflower House 11 was (re)born in Lawrence, Kansas, from the previous experiment.
* 1973: [[East Wind Community|East Wind]] was started in south-central [[Missouri]].<ref>[[Ramsey, Richard David]] (December 1979). [http://connectny.info/search~S0?/aRamsey%2C+Richard+David./aramsey+richard+david/-3%2C-1%2C0%2CB/frameset&FF=aramsey+richard+david&2%2C%2C2 ''Morning Star: The Values-Communication of Skinner's '''Walden Two''''']. Unpublished doctoral dissertation; [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]], Troy, NY. Available from [[University Microfilms International]], Ann Arbor, MI.</ref>

Twin Oaks is detailed in [[Kat Kinkade]]'s book, ''A Walden Two experiment: The first five years of Twin Oaks Community''.<ref>Kinkade, Kathleen (1973). ''A Walden Two experiment: The first five years of Twin Oaks Community''. [[William Morrow and Company]]. {{ISBN|0-688-00020-7}}.</ref> Originally started as a Walden Two community, it has since rejected its Walden Two position, however it still uses its modified Planner-Manager system as well as a system of labor credits based on the book.

Los Horcones does not use the Planner-Manager governance system described in ''Walden Two.'' They refer to their governance system as a "personocracy".<ref>Comunidad Los Horcones (February 25, 2012). [http://directory.ic.org/715/Comunidad_Los_Horcones "Communities Directory"]. [[Fellowship for Intentional Community]], Retrieved August 23, 2012. "We value the participation of all members in decision making. We call our organization 'personocracy'".</ref> This system has been "developed through ongoing experimentation".<ref>Sanguinetti, Angela (2012). [http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/bsi/article/viewFile/3873/3181 "The Design of Intentional Communities: A Recycled Perspective on Sustainable Neighborhoods"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124054818/http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/bsi/article/viewFile/3873/3181 |date=2012-11-24 }}. ''Behavior and Social Issues,'' 21, pp. 5–25. "The ''Walden Two''-inspired community of Los Horcones in Sonora, Mexico, proclaims an egalitarian system of governance developed through ongoing experimentation, called 'Personocracy' (Los Horcones), which they describe as equitable and unrestricted access to power, participation, and responsibility." p. 20.</ref> In contrast to Twin Oaks, Los Horcones "has remained strongly committed to an [[Experimental analysis of behavior|experimental science of human behavior]] and has described itself as the only true Walden Two community in existence."<ref>Lamal, Peter (2009). [http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/bsi/article/viewFile/2551/2449 "From Rats and Pigeons to Cultural Practices: A Review of ''Beyond the Box: B. F. Skinner's Technology of Behavior from Laboratory to Life, 1950s to 1970s"'']. ''Behavior and Social Issues, 18,'' p. 176.</ref> In 1989, B. F. Skinner said that  Los Horcones "comes closest to the idea of the 'engineered utopia' that he put forth in ''Walden Two"''.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/07/science/isolated-desert-community-lives-by-skinner-s-precepts.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm| author=Rohter, Larry| title=Isolated Desert Community Lives by Skinner's Precepts| newspaper=The New York Times| date=November 7, 1989}}</ref>